Trial reportHealth communication2019
The Effects of Varying Electronic Cigarette Warning Label Design Features On Attention, Recall, and Product Perceptions Among Young Adults.
Trial report in Health communication, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Framing Effects in Youth E-Cigarette Use Prevention: Individual Text Messages Versus Simulated Text Exchanges.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2023Trial
- Optimizing Images for an E-Cigarette Messaging Campaign: Liking and Perceived Effectiveness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Trial
- An Experimental Study of Nicotine Warning Statements in E-cigarette Tweets.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Trial
- Optimizing Warnings on E-Cigarette Advertisements.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Trial
- Applying a mixed-methods approach to evaluate and tailor electronic cigarette pictorial health warning labels for young adults in the United States.BMC public health · 2026Article
- An Experimental Study on the Effect of E-Cigarette Advertising Features on Youth Perceptions and Intentions.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- Eyes on Prevention: An Eye-Tracking Analysis of Visual Attention Patterns in Breast Cancer Screening Ads.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Article
- Remediated marketing: leveraging computer vision and rule-based classification models to detect e-cigarette warning labels across social media.Information, communication and society · 2025Article
- Cravings, Control, and Cessation: A Scoping Review of Perceptions of Nicotine Addiction.Current addiction reports · 2025Review
- Youth attention, perceptions, and appeal in response to e-cigarette advertising features: A focus group study.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- An observational study of the marketing practice of e-cigarette specialty stores in two large cities in China: Is there potential to normalize the use of e-cigarettes?Tobacco induced diseases · 2024Article
- Associations Between Noticing E-Cigarette Advertising Features and E-Cigarette Appeal and Switching Interest Among Young Adult Dual Users.Substance use & misuse · 2024Article
- Noticing people, discounts and non-tobacco flavours in e-cigarette ads may increase e-cigarette product appeal among non-tobacco-using young adults.Tobacco control · 2023Article
- Assessing Attention to Tobacco Warnings With a Heatmapping Task.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Youth and Young Adult-targeted E-cigarette Warnings and Advertising Messages: An Experiment with Young Adults in the US.Journal of health communication · 2022Article
- Article
- Associations Between Noticing Nicotine Vaping Product Health Warning Labels, Harm Perceptions, and Use Among Adult Vapers, Current and Former Smokers. Findings From the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Novel Nicotine Concentration Labels Improve Adolescents' and Young Adults' Understanding of the Nicotine Strength of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Products.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Visual attention to blu's parody warnings and the FDA's warning on e-cigarette advertisements.Addictive behaviors · 2022Article
- App Designs and Interactive Features to Increase mHealth Adoption: User Expectation Survey and Experiment.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This study was a 3 (Brand: Blu, MarkTen, Vuse) by 3 (Warning Size: 20%, 30%, or 50% of advertisement surface) by 2 (Warning Background: White, Red) experimental investigation of the effects of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) warning label design features. Young adults aged 18-30 years (n = 544) were recruited online, completed demographic and tobacco use history measures, and randomized to view e-cigarette advertisements with warning labels that varied by the experimental conditions. Participants completed a task assessing self-reported visual attention to advertisements with a-priori regions of interest defined around warning labels. Warning message recall and perceived addictiveness of e-cigarettes were assessed post-exposure. Approximately half of participants reported attending to warning labels and reported attention was greater for warnings on red versus white backgrounds. Recall of the warning message content was also greater among those reporting attention to the warning label. Overall, those who viewed warnings on red backgrounds reported lower perceived addictiveness than those who viewed warnings on white backgrounds, and e-cigarette users reported lower perceived addictiveness than non-users. Among e-cigarette users, viewing warnings on white backgrounds produced perceptions more similar to non-users. Greater recall was significantly correlated with greater perceived addictiveness. This study provides some of the first evidence that e-cigarette warning label design features including size and coloring affect self-reported attention and content recall.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.