ReviewFrontiers in immunology2017
Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Immune Dysregulation and Community Health Factors in Maternal and Childhood Leprosy: A Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling Study.Infection & chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Advancing leprosy risk prediction through identification of a whole blood host transcriptomic biomarker signature including non-coding genes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Serological Evidence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections as a Potential Risk for Severity in Leprosy Patients.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2025Article
- Decoding leprosy: immune response, clinical manifestations and emerging diagnostic approaches.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2025Review
- Increased CD8Immunology · 2025Article
- IFN-γ-Driven macrophage responses in the immunity toFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Beyond nutritional immunity: immune-stressing challenges basic paradigms of immunometabolism and immunology.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Exploring the Chemical Space of Mycobacterial Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibitors Using Molecular Modeling.ChemMedChem · 2024Review
- The landscape of chemokine and cytokine is associated with the distinct clinical status of leprosy patients and their respective household contacts.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Leprosy: treatment, prevention, immune response and gene function.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Different profiles of chemokines, cytokines and cell growth factors in plasma samples from patients with leprosy, leprosy reactions and households contacts.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2024Article
- MicroRNA biomarkers in leprosy: insights from the Northern Brazilian Amazon population and their implications in disease immune-physiopathology.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Immunohistochemical Characterization of M1, M2, and M4 Macrophages in Leprosy Skin Lesions.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates the myeloid-derived immune suppression associated with cancer and infectious disease.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Review
- Th17 Cells and Cytokines in Leprosy: Understanding the Immune Response and Polarization.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2023Review
- Ancient DNA confirmation of lepromatous leprosy in a skeleton with concurrent osteosarcoma, excavated from the leprosarium of St. Mary Magdalen in Winchester, Hants., UK.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2022Article
- Activated TLR2/4-positive T cells boost cell exhaustion during lepromatous leprosy infection via PD-1 upregulation.Heliyon · 2022Article
- Serum Levels of Ficolin-3 and Mannose-Binding Lectin in Patients with Leprosy and Their Family Contacts in a Hyperendemic Region in Northeastern Brazil.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
- Algorithm Design for a Cytokine Release Assay of Antigen-Specific In Vitro Stimuli of Circulating Leukocytes to Classify Leprosy Patients and Household Contacts.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease whose evolution involves complex immune mechanisms of the host that influence the clinical presentation of the disease. For many years, the main interpretation of the host defense response was based on characterization of the established immune paradigm between T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 lymphocytes. However, with advances in the knowledge of immunology, new approaches have emerged along with the development of new immunological pathways that have changed the interpretation of the long-established paradigm of the polar forms of the disease, especially with the identification of new subtypes of T lymphocytes such as Th9, Th17, Th22, and Tregs. Thus, this review discusses the role of these new subtypes of T helper lymphocytes and how the development of the immune response of these cells modifies the pattern of the Th1/Th2 response in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy.
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