ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2017
Microglia M2A Polarization as Potential Link between Food Allergy and Autism Spectrum Disorders.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- M2-associated microglial states in oligodendrocyte regulation and white matter repair in vascular dementia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Sustained Transcriptional Response to Lipopolysaccharide and Interleukin-4 in an Immortalized Mouse Microglial Cell Line.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation and autism: what have we learned so far?International journal of developmental disabilities · 2026Article
- Review
- N-acetylcysteine improves autism-like behavior by recovering autophagic deficiency and decreasing Notch-1/Hes-1 pathway activity.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Review
- Modelling the Interplay Between Neuron-Glia Cell Dysfunction and Glial Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Review
- Roles of microglia in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression and their therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Infiltration of Apoptotic M2 Macrophage Subpopulation Is Negatively Correlated with the Immunotherapy Response in Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Early childhood allergy linked with development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2022Article
- Higher rates of allergies, autoimmune diseases and low-grade inflammation markers in treatment-resistant major depression.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2021Article
- Endocannabinoid System Unlocks the Puzzle of Autism TreatmentFrontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
- Do Alarmins Have a Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders Pathogenesis and Progression?Biomolecules · 2018Review
- Autism and Allergy - Are They Linked?Indian journal of pediatrics · 2018Article
- Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Oxidative Stress, Maternal Diabetes, and Autism Spectrum Disorders.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Atopic diseases are frequently co-morbid with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Allergic responses are associated with an activation of mast cells, innate lymphoid cells, and Th2 cells. These cells produce type-2 cytokines (IL4 and IL13), which stimulate microglia and macrophages to adopt a phenotype referred to as 'alternative activation' or 'M2A'. M2A-polarized macrophages and microglia play a physiological role in tissue repair by secreting growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1. In ASD there is evidence for increased type-2 cytokines, microglia activation, M2A polarization, and increased levels of growth factors. In neurons, these growth factors drive a signal transduction pathway that leads to activation of the enzyme mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), and thereby to the inhibition of autophagy. Activation of mTOR is an effect that is also common to several of the genetic forms of autism. In the central nervous system, redundant synapses are removed via an autophagic process. Activation of mTOR would diminish the pruning of redundant synapses, which in the context of ASD is likely to be undesired. Based on this line of reasoning, atopic diseases like food allergy, eczema or asthma would represent risk factors for autism spectrum disorders.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.