SynthesisJournal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.)2017
Assessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a systematic literature review.
Synthesis in Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The dietary management of sodium in children with kidney diseases-clinical practice recommendations from the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Guideline
- Population-level salt intake in the WHO European Region in 2022: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Change in mean salt intake over time using 24-h urine versus overnight and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition journal · 2020Pooled it
- Further evidence that methods based on spot urine samples should not be used to examine sodium-disease relationships from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (November 2018 to August 2019).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2020Pooled it
- Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (April to October 2018).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Pooled it
- Paucity of high-quality studies reporting on salt and health outcomes from the science of salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April 2017 to March 2018).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Pooled it
- High sodium intake increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease. From the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (August 2016 to March 2017).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2018Pooled it
- Twenty-Four-Hour Diet recall and Diet records compared with 24-hour urinary excretion to predict an individual's sodium consumption: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2018Pooled it
- Assessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a systematic literature review.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2017Pooled it
- Trial
- DASH diet, Reduced Rank Regression Dietary Patterns and relations with kidney function in the CHRIS general population study.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Sweet Taste Receptor Genetic VariationNutrients · 2026Article
- High Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion is Associated With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Phenotypes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2026Article
- Sodium, potassium, and blood pressure regulation in Latin American populations: a critical narrative review of multifactorial determinants.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Dietary intake and sources of sodium and potassium, and salt-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours among rural adults in China: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- The relationship between the EAT-Lancet dietary pattern and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with established cardiovascular disease.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- From collection to correction: Can serial 24-hour urine collections demonstrate improved urinary stone parameters?BJUI compass · 2025Article
- Sodium Intake Estimation in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Measurement Methods to Clinical Outcomes.Turkish journal of nephrology · 2025Article
- Worldwide and time trends in sodium and potassium intakes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2025Article
- Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are often used to assess dietary sodium intake, although 24-hour urinary excretion is the most accurate measure of intake. The authors conducted a systematic review to investigate whether FFQs are a reliable and valid way of measuring usual dietary sodium intake. Results from 18 studies are described in this review, including 16 validation studies. The methods of study design and analysis varied widely with respect to FFQ instrument, number of 24-hour urine collections collected per participant, methods used to assess completeness of urine collections, and statistical analysis. Overall, there was poor agreement between estimates from FFQ and 24-hour urine. The authors suggest a framework for validation and reporting based on a consensus statement (2004), and recommend that all FFQs used to estimate dietary sodium intake undergo validation against multiple 24-hour urine collections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.