Trial reportNeuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society2018
Effects of Rate on Analgesia in Kilohertz Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation: Results of the PROCO Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 62 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of Stimulation Pulse Rate on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Whose Pain is Controlled by 10KHz Frequency - a Feasibility Study
Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Therapy-Resistant Neuropathic Pain After Lumbar Spinal Surgery - A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled, Cross-over Study
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- [German guideline on spinal cord stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Guideline
- Spinal Cord Stimulation vs Medical Management for Chronic Back and Leg Pain: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical Effectiveness and Mechanism of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Treating Chronic Low Back and Lower Extremity Pain: a Systematic Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2020Pooled it
- 10-kHz High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for Adults With Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Health Technology Assessment.Ontario health technology assessment series · 2020Pooled it
- Randomized Placebo-/Sham-Controlled Trials of Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Methodological Appraisal.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2020Pooled it
- Outcomes of a Multicenter, Prospective, Crossover, Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Subperception Spinal Cord Stimulation at ≤1.2 kHz in Previously Implanted Subjects.Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society · 2020Trial
- State of the Art in Neuromodulation or Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Pain Relief and Multidimensional Outcomes of Fast-Acting Subperception Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy for Chronic Pain: The FAST Prospective, Multicenter Study.Pain and therapy · 2026Article
- Supraspinal Correlates of Patients with Chronic Pain Under Burst Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Proof-of-Concept Functional MRI Study.Pain and therapy · 2026Article
- The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Consensus Recommendations on Programming and Coding Implantable Spinal Cord Stimulation Devices for Treatment of Chronic Intractable Pain.Journal of pain research · 2026Review
- Spinal Cord Stimulation in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Advances, Outcomes, and Future Directions.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- First Objective Evidence Characterizing Differences in Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord Neurophysiology Using ECAP-Controlled Closed-Loop Technology.Pain and therapy · 2025Article
- Automated Neural Dosing for Fast-Acting Subperception Therapy: Sustained Spinal Cord Stimulation Outcomes from a Multicenter Study.Pain and therapy · 2025Article
- Response of dorsal horn neurons in mice to high-frequency (kHz) biphasic stimulation is not sensitive to local temperature rise.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- Recent Trends in Physical Therapy Interventions and Neuromodulation Techniques to Improve Neurorehabilitation.CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- Low-energy differential target multiplexed SCS derivative reduces pain and improves quality of life through 12 months in patients with chronic back and/or leg pain.Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain · 2025Article
- Two-Year Outcomes Using Fast-Acting, Sub-Perception Therapy for Spinal Cord Stimulation: A European, Real-World, Multicenter Experience.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Improved Outcomes and Therapy Longevity after Salvage Using a Novel Spinal Cord Stimulation System for Chronic Pain: Multicenter, Observational, European Case Series.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Spinal Cord Stimulation for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2024Review
- Temporary trigeminal ganglion stimulation can improve zoster-related trigeminal neuralgia: a retrospective study in a single center.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe PROCO RCT is a multicenter, double-blind, crossover, randomized controlled trial (RCT) that investigated the effects of rate on analgesia in kilohertz frequency (1-10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation (SCS). MATERIALS AND
methodsPatients were implanted with SCS systems and underwent an eight-week search to identify the best location ("sweet spot") of stimulation at 10 kHz within the searched region (T8-T11). An electronic diary (e-diary) prompted patients for pain scores three times per day. Patients who responded to 10 kHz per e-diary numeric rating scale (ED-NRS) pain scores proceeded to double-blind rate randomization. Patients received 1, 4, 7, and 10 kHz SCS at the same sweet spot found for 10 kHz in randomized order (four weeks at each frequency). For each frequency, pulse width and amplitude were titrated to optimize therapy.
resultsAll frequencies provided equivalent pain relief as measured by ED-NRS (p ≤ 0.002). However, mean charge per second differed across frequencies, with 1 kHz SCS requiring 60-70% less charge than higher frequencies (p ≤ 0.0002).
conclusionsThe PROCO RCT provides Level I evidence for equivalent pain relief from 1 to 10 kHz with appropriate titration of pulse width and amplitude. 1 kHz required significantly less charge than higher frequencies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.