ArticlePloS one2017
The gender gap in self-rated health and education in Spain. A multilevel analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictors of self-rated health in older adults: insights from an anchoring vignettes study.European journal of ageing · 2026Article
- Intersectionality of gender, race/skin color and dental loss in adults: cross-sectional study with data from the 2019 Brazilian National Health Survey.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic determinants and self-rated health among hotel housekeepers in the Balearic Islands (Spain).Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Development of gender inequality in self-rated health in the life-phase of raising children in Germany from 1994 to 2018 - A decomposition analysis of socioeconomic, psychosocial and family-related influencing factors.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Negative Self-Assessment of Health in Women: Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics, Physical Inactivity and Multimorbidity.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Nonlinear Associations between Medical Expenditure, Perceived Medical Attitude, and Sociodemographics, and Older Adults' Self-Rated Health in China: Applying the Extreme Gradient Boosting Model.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Does poor spousal health negatively affect own health among elderly retired Japanese couples? A 1-year follow-up study.SSM - population health · 2021Article
- The Practice of Vigorous Physical Activity Is Related to a Higher Educational Level and Income in Older Women.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Differences in Self-Rated Health and Physical Activity Due to Education Level among Koreans: Understanding Implications of Physical Education.Iranian journal of public health · 2021Article
- Association of a Single-Item Self-Rated Diet Construct With Diet Quality Measured With the Alternate Healthy Eating Index.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Influence of Psychosocial Variables on the Health of People Living in Housing Exclusion.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health Through Lifestyles: Analysing Gender and Age Differences in Andalusia, Spain.Journal of community health · 2020Article
- The Impact of Education and Age on Metabolic Disorders.Frontiers in public health · 2020Article
- Subjective Health and Happiness in the United States: Gender Differences in the Effects of Socioeconomic Status Indicators.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2020Article
- Homelessness and self-rated health: evidence from a national survey of homeless people in Spain.BMC public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWomen tend to report poorer self-rated health than men. It is also well established that education has a positive effect on health. However, the issue of how the benefits of education on health differ between men and women has not received enough attention and the few existing studies which do focus on the subject do not draw a clear conclusion. Therefore, this study aims to analyse whether the positive influence of educational attainment on health is higher for women and whether education helps to overcome the gender gap in self-rated health.
methodsWe analyse cross-sectional data from the 2012 European Union statistics on income and living conditions. We use a logit regression model with odds ratios and a multilevel perspective to carry out a study which includes several individual and contextual control variables. We focused our study on the working population in Spain aged between 25 and 65. The final sample considered is composed of 14,120 subjects: 7,653 men and 6,467 women.
resultsThere is a gender gap in self-rated health only for the less educated. This gap is not statistically significant among more highly educated individuals. Attaining a high level of education has the same positive effect on both women's and men's self-rated health.
conclusionsAlthough we did not find gender disparities when considering the effect of education on health, we show that women's health is poorer among the less educated, mainly due to labour precariousness and household conditions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.