Observational studyPloS one2017
Antiretroviral therapy as a risk factor for chronic kidney disease: Results from traditional regression modeling and causal approach in a large observational study.
Observational study in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Applications and reporting of causal inference modelling in infectious disease studies: A systematic review.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2026Article
- Risk of chronic kidney disease in people living with HIV by tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) use and baseline D:A:D chronic kidney disease risk score.HIV medicine · 2021Article
- Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Factors Among HIV Infected Patients Taking Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Based Regimen in Ethiopia: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate initiation and changes in urinary biomarker concentrations among HIV-infected men and women.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Observational
- Mild renal impairment is associated with calcified plaque parameters assessed by computed tomography angiography in people living with HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
- Derivation and internal validation of a mortality risk index for aged people living with HIV: The Dat'AIDS score.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveWe investigated whether patients receiving selected antiretroviral combinations had a higher risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) using traditional regression modeling and a causal approach in a large prospective cohort. PATIENTS AND
methodsFor the purpose of this study, we selected 6301 patients who (i) started their first antiretroviral regimen after 1st January 2004, (ii) had at least one serum creatinine measurement within 6 months before ART initiation (study entry), and (iii) had at least two measurements after study entry. Baseline eGFR was defined from the last serum creatinine measurement before study entry. All eGFR values were calculated using the Modification of Diet and Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Both traditional Cox proportional hazards model and Cox marginal structural models were applied. Distinct coding for antiretroviral therapy exposure were investigated as well as double robust estimators.
resultsOverall we showed that patients receiving tenofovir (TDF) with a ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor (rbPI) exhibited a higher risk of CKD compared with patients who received TDF with a non-nucleosidic reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Such an increased risk was observed considering both initial and current regimens. Our analysis revealed a clinician-driven switch away from TDF among persons experiencing a decline in renal function while receiving this drug.
conclusionOur results show that combination of TDF and boosted protease inhibitor is associated with a higher CKD risk than TDF and a NNRTI.
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