ArticleScientific reports2017
Human liver segments: role of cryptic liver lobes and vascular physiology in the development of liver veins and left-right asymmetry.
Article in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of laparoscopic liver resection versus radiofrequency ablation in patients with early and small hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies.World journal of surgical oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Application of selective outflow control technique-assisted laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma in the right posterior superior area: a case series study (with video).Surgical endoscopy · 2026Article
- Left-Sided Gallbladder in the Absence of Situs Inversus: Case Report and Surgical Implications.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Spatial patterning strategies for liver tissue engineering: Biofabrication technologies and applications.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2026Review
- The therapeutic efficacy of radical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma varies markedly by tumor location: a retrospective real-world study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Presentation of Congenital Portosystemic Shunts in Children.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation versus laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in China: a comprehensive meta-analysis.Wideochirurgia i inne techniki maloinwazyjne = Videosurgery and other miniinvasive techniques · 2021Article
- Pseudolesion in the right parafissural liver parenchyma on CT: The base is found in embryology and collagen content.PloS one · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Couinaud based his well-known subdivision of the liver into (surgical) segments on the branching order of portal veins and the location of hepatic veins. However, both segment boundaries and number remain controversial due to an incomplete understanding of the role of liver lobes and vascular physiology on hepatic venous development. Human embryonic livers (5-10 weeks of development) were visualized with Amira 3D-reconstruction and Cinema 4D-remodeling software. Starting at 5 weeks, the portal and umbilical veins sprouted portal-vein branches that, at 6.5 weeks, had been pruned to 3 main branches in the right hemi-liver, whereas all (>10) persisted in the left hemi-liver. The asymmetric branching pattern of the umbilical vein resembled that of a "distributing" vessel, whereas the more symmetric branching of the portal trunk resembled a "delivering" vessel. At 6 weeks, 3-4 main hepatic-vein outlets drained into the inferior caval vein, of which that draining the caudate lobe formed the intrahepatic portion of the caval vein. More peripherally, 5-6 major tributaries drained both dorsolateral regions and the left and right ventromedial regions, implying a "crypto-lobar" distribution. Lobar boundaries, even in non-lobated human livers, and functional vascular requirements account for the predictable topography and branching pattern of the liver veins, respectively.
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