ArticleMemory & cognition2018
Decomposing item-method directed forgetting of emotional pictures: Equivalent costs and no benefits.
Article in Memory & cognition, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Emotional memories are (usually) harder to forget: A meta-analysis of the item-method directed forgetting literature.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of Forgetting Strategies on Memory Performance: Behavioral and Electroencephalography Evidence.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Drinking the waters of Lethe: Bringing voluntary choice into the study of voluntary forgetting.Memory & cognition · 2024Article
- Article
- (A)symmetries in Memory and Directed Forgetting of Political Stimuli.Experimental psychology · 2023Article
- Forgetting under difficult conditions: Item-method directed forgetting under perceptual processing constraints.Memory & cognition · 2021Article
- Separation of item and context in item-method directed forgetting.NeuroImage · 2021Article
- Metamemory and Memory Discrepancies in Directed Forgetting of Emotional Information.Europe's journal of psychology · 2021Article
- In support of selective rehearsal: Double-item presentation in item-method directed forgetting.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2020Article
- Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence for attentional up-regulation, but not down-regulation, when encoding pictures into long-term memory.Memory & cognition · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Using an item-method directed forgetting task, we presented negative, neutral, and positive photographic pictures, one at a time, each followed by an instruction to remember or forget. We determined that the directed forgetting effect, defined as better subsequent recognition of to-be-remembered (TBR) items than to-be-forgotten (TBF) items, was equivalent across negative, neutral, and positive pictures. To disentangle the underlying costs (i.e., decrease in memory for TBF items) and benefits (i.e., increase in memory for TBR items), we compared recognition memory performance in the directed forgetting task to that of a novel within-subjects remember-all control condition (Experiment 1) and to a between-subjects remember-all control group (Experiment 2). We observed costs without benefits across all three emotions-negative, neutral, and positive-in both experiments. These results demonstrate that equivalent directed forgetting effects for emotional stimuli are not attributable to different underlying component processes. Instead, our results suggest that selection for encoding is accomplished in similar ways, regardless of emotional content.
Indexed as
Identifiers
29214552What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.