ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2017
Tear Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 Correlate With Subbasal Nerve Plexus Changes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tear function in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- Correlating corneal and meibomian gland morphology with diabetes duration in T2DMInternational journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Tear Film Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Tear Fluid Biomarkers in Diabetic Ocular Surface Disease: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Methods for the evaluation of corneal nerve fibres in diabetes mellitus by in vivo confocal microscopy: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Tear Fluid Progranulin as a Noninvasive Biomarker for the Monitoring of Corneal Innervation Changes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- Review
- The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- IGFBP-3 Regulates Mitochondrial Hyperfusion and Metabolic Activity in Ocular Surface Epithelia during Hyperosmolar Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Differential effects of obstructive sleep apnea on the corneal subbasal nerve plexus and retinal nerve fiber layer.PloS one · 2022Article
- IGFBP-3 functions as a molecular switch that mediates mitochondrial and metabolic homeostasis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2022Article
- IGFBP-3 Mediates Metabolic Homeostasis During Hyperosmolar Stress in the Corneal Epithelium.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Diabetic Corneal Neuropathy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2020Review
- Tear Levels of IGFBP-3: A Potential Biomarker for Diabetic Nerve Changes in the Cornea.Eye & contact lens · 2020Review
- Tear biomarkers and corneal sensitivity as an indicator of neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2020Article
- Eye care providers' emerging roles in early detection of diabetes and management of diabetic changes to the ocular surface: a review.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2020Review
- Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 in the Pathogenesis of Herpes Stromal Keratitis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2020Article
- The IGF/Insulin-IGFBP Axis in Corneal Development, Wound Healing, and Disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Review
- Noninvasive diagnostic methods for diabetes mellitus from tear fluid.RSC advances · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in basal tears of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to nondiabetic controls; and correlated tear levels of IGFBP-3 with morphologic changes in the subbasal nerve plexus and density of basal corneal epithelial cells. Methods: This was a single visit, cross-sectional study. Diabetic and control subjects were matched for age, sex, smoking status, and body mass index. Tear levels of IGFBP-3 were measured using ELISA. Corneal nerve and basal epithelial cell changes were measured using in vivo confocal microscopy. Results: Tear levels of IGFBP-3 were 3.5-fold higher in those with diabetes. Patients with diabetes also showed a reduction in nerve fiber layer, nerve branch density, and corneal basal epithelial cell density. There was no significant difference in corneal sensitivity. IGFBP-3 levels were highly correlated with nerve fiber length and branch density; while hemoglobin (Hb)A1c was only moderately correlated. There were no significant differences in the clinical or subjective signs of dry eye between groups, indicating that tear levels of IGFBP-3 and corneal nerve changes were not due to the presence of mild dry eye. Conclusions: These findings indicate that tear levels of IGFBP-3 are more tightly correlated to nerve fiber changes in diabetes than HbA1c. Future studies that stratify the severity of diabetic disease with tear levels of IGFBP-3 are needed to validate this finding.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.