ArticleDementia & neuropsychologia
Impact of sociodemographic variables on executive functions.
Article in Dementia & neuropsychologia. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Queen Square cognitive assessment screen (Q-CAS): normative data and validation in acute stroke.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Targeting Cognitive Dysfunction in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 Through Digital Cognitive Training.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2026Article
- Physical capacity is associated with attention but not with general executive function in middle aged adults.PloS one · 2025Article
- A biobehavioural and social-structural model of inflammation and executive function in pediatric chronic health conditions.Health psychology review · 2024Article
- Executive functioning is associated to everyday interference of pain in patients with chronic pain.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- The association between executive functioning and parental stress and psychological distress is mediated by parental reflective functioning in mothers with substance use disorder.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2019Article
- Complex Task Performance Assessment (CTPA) and Functional Cognition in People With Parkinson's Disease.The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy AssociationArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) regulate human behavior and allow individuals to interact and act in the world. EFs are sensitive to sociodemographic variables such as age, which promotes their decline, and to others that can exert a neuroprotective effect.
objectiveTo assess the predictive role of education, occupation and family income on decline in executive functions among a sample with a wide age range.
methodsA total of 925 participants aged 18-89 years with 1-28 years' education were submitted to assessment of executive functions using the Card Sorting Test (CST), Phonemic Verbal Fluency (FAS) Task and Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF) Task. Data on income, occupation and educational level were collected for the sample. The data were analyzed using Linear Regression, as well as Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation.
resultsAge showed a significant negative correlation (p<0.001) with performance on the CST, FAS and SVF, whereas education, income and occupation were positively associated (p<0.001) with the tasks applied. After application of the multivariate linear regression model, a significant positive relationship with the FAS was maintained only for education (p<0.001) and income (p<0.001). The negative relationship of age (p<0.001) and positive relationship of both education (p<0.001) and income (p<0.001and p=0.003) were evident on the CST and SVF.
conclusionEducational level and income positively influenced participants' results on executive function tests, attenuating expected decline for age. However, no relationship was found between occupation and the cognitive variables investigated.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.