ArticleJournal of innate immunity2018
Echinochrome A Release by Red Spherule Cells Is an Iron-Withholding Strategy of Sea Urchin Innate Immunity.
Article in Journal of innate immunity, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macrophage-mediated nutrient recycling: evolutionary insights into the metabolic role of professional phagocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- UVB-induced genotoxic stress activates the DNA damage response and innate immune pathways in sea urchin coelomocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Physiological responses of sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, exposed to temperature and lipopolysaccharides (LPS).PloS one · 2026Article
- Microbial communities experienced during early development shape the host immune system and epigenome.iScience · 2025Article
- The Cell States of Sea Urchin During Metamorphosis Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Carotenoid-based immune response in sea cucumbers relies on newly identified coelomocytes-the carotenocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- HIF-1α interacting with miR-2013-3p regulates pathogen-induced energy production changes via targeting glutamate dehydrogenase in the sea urchinVirulence · 2024Article
- Environmental challenge trials induce a biofluorescent response in the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in human diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2024Review
- Recombinant SpTransformer proteins bind to specific sites on sea urchin phagocytes and modulateFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Interspecific differences in oxidative DNA damage after hydrogen peroxide exposure of sea urchin coelomocytes.Mutagenesis · 2023Article
- Gene regulatory divergence amongst echinoderms underlies appearance of pigment cells in sea urchin development.Developmental biology · 2023Article
- Bald sea urchin disease shifts the surface microbiome on purple sea urchins in an aquarium.Pathogens and disease · 2023Article
- Wound repair in sea urchin larvae involves pigment cells and blastocoelar cells.Developmental biology · 2022Article
- Multi-target bioactivity of summer quinones production in the Persian Gulf burrowing black-type sea urchin.Heliyon · 2022Article
- Establishment of the immunological self in juvenileFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Review
- Coelomocyte populations in the sea urchin,Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Methodological Approaches To Assess Innate Immunity and Innate Memory in Marine Invertebrates and Humans.Frontiers in toxicology · 2022Review
- Histochrome Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Ferroptosis-Induced Cardiomyocyte Death.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cellular immune defences in sea urchins are shared amongst the coelomocytes - a heterogeneous population of cells residing in the coelomic fluid (blood equivalent) and tissues. The most iconic coelomocyte morphotype is the red spherule cell (or amebocyte), so named due to the abundance of cytoplasmic vesicles containing the naphthoquinone pigment echinochrome A. Despite their identification over a century ago, and evidence of antiseptic properties, little progress has been made in characterising the immunocompetence of these cells. Upon exposure of red spherule cells from sea urchins, i.e., Paracentrotus lividus and Psammechinus miliaris, to microbial ligands, intact microbes, and damage signals, we observed cellular degranulation and increased detection of cell-free echinochrome in the coelomic fluid ex vivo. Treatment of the cells with ionomycin, a calcium-specific ionophore, confirmed that an increase in intracellular levels of Ca2+ is a trigger of echinochrome release. Incubating Gram-positive/negative bacteria as well as yeast with lysates of red spherule cells led to significant reductions in colony-forming units. Such antimicrobial properties were counteracted by the addition of ferric iron (Fe3+), suggesting that echinochrome acts as a primitive iron chelator in echinoid biological defences.
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