ReviewJournal of neuroendocrinology2018
Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation.
Review in Journal of neuroendocrinology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 141 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structural, Functional, and Metabolic Brain Differences as a Function of Gender Identity or Sexual Orientation: A Systematic Review of the Human Neuroimaging Literature.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Meta-Analyses of Fraternal and Sororal Birth Order Effects in Homosexual Pedophiles, Hebephiles, and Teleiophiles.Archives of sexual behavior · 2021Pooled it
- Sexual Orientation in Individuals With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Hormonal Medication Effects on Trichotillomania and Skin Picking Disorder.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Brain Activation Patterns during Sexual Arousal: A Comparative Time-Course Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Postoperative Female-to-Male Transgender Individuals, Cisgender Men, and Premenopausal Women.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- LGBTQIA+ suicide in India: Data scarcity, accuracy, and other challenges.Indian journal of psychiatry · 2026Article
- Sex versus Gender Role Endorsement Associations With White Matter Microstructure in South African Adults: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Explicit gender stereotypes and sexually polymorphic cognition by gender identity.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Practicing Inclusive Language Related to People Who are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual and Other Sexual and Gender Identities in Nicotine and Tobacco Research.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Association between repeat number polymorphisms of sex hormone-related genes and gender phenotype variations in university students.Sexual medicine · 2025Article
- XYGO: proposing a new holistic measure of gender identity and sexual orientation.Nature reviews. Urology · 2025Review
- Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI): A Tutorial on Ethical Data Practices.Behavior analysis in practice · 2025Article
- "Mpox in MSM: Tackling stigma, minimizing risk factors, exploring pathogenesis, and treatment approaches".Biomedical journal · 2025Review
- Biological, genetic, neurological and environmental influences on homosexuality-a narrative review.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Review
- A Content Analysis of Transgender Health and Wellness Themes Shared Through Social Media.Clinical pediatrics · 2024Article
- Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- About Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Thyroid Dysfunctions: Can Inherent Particulars of Same‑Sex Sexual Orientation Go Missing?Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Article
- Carving the Biodevelopment of Same-Sex Sexual Orientation at Its Joints.Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Article
- Consensus and Caveats Concerning "Carving the Biodevelopment of Same-Sex Sexual Orientation at Its Joints": Reply to Peer Commentaries on VanderLaan, Skorska, Peragine, and Coome.Archives of sexual behavior · 2023Article
- Variations in gender identity and sexual orientation of university students.Sexual medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual identity and sexual orientation are independent components of a person's sexual identity. These dimensions are most often in harmony with each other and with an individual's genital sex, although not always. The present review discusses the relationship of sexual identity and sexual orientation to prenatal factors that act to shape the development of the brain and the expression of sexual behaviours in animals and humans. One major influence discussed relates to organisational effects that the early hormone environment exerts on both gender identity and sexual orientation. Evidence that gender identity and sexual orientation are masculinised by prenatal exposure to testosterone and feminised in it absence is drawn from basic research in animals, correlations of biometric indices of androgen exposure and studies of clinical conditions associated with disorders in sexual development. There are, however, important exceptions to this theory that have yet to be resolved. Family and twin studies indicate that genes play a role, although no specific candidate genes have been identified. Evidence that relates to the number of older brothers implicates maternal immune responses as a contributing factor for male sexual orientation. It remains speculative how these influences might relate to each other and interact with postnatal socialisation. Nonetheless, despite the many challenges to research in this area, existing empirical evidence makes it clear that there is a significant biological contribution to the development of an individual's sexual identity and sexual orientation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.