ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2017
Recurring infection with ecologically distinct HPV types can explain high prevalence and diversity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Assessing the burden of HPV-associated cancers in Brazil: Hospitalization and mortality trends from 2011 to 2019.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- High Risk of Incident-Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection With 9-Valent Vaccine Types in Young Men With an HPV Infection.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Trends in the burden of HPV-associated cancers in Mexico: An analysis from 2011 to 2019.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of HPV infecting Palestinian women.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- The evolutionary cost of homophily: Social stratification facilitates stable variant coexistence and increased rates of evolution in host-associated pathogens.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- The evolutionary cost of homophily: social stratification facilitates stable variant coexistence and increased rates of evolution in host-associated pathogens.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Assessment of HPV Knowledge and Awareness among Students and Staff at IBB University, Niger State, Nigeria: Implications for Health Education and Prevention.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Association of naturally acquired type-specific HPV antibodies and subsequent HPV re-detection: systematic review and meta-analysis.Infectious agents and cancer · 2023Review
- Article
- Prevalence and Genetype Distribution of Human Papillomavirus in Women with Condyloma Acuminatum in Henan Province, Central China.Infection and drug resistance · 2023Article
- Vaccinating women previously treated for human papillomavirus-related cervical precancerous lesions is highly cost-effective in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Concomitant immunity to M. tuberculosis infection.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of multi-strain RNA viruses.Nature ecology & evolution · 2022Review
- The impact of vaccination on human papillomavirus infection with disassortative geographical mixing: a two-patch modeling study.Journal of mathematical biology · 2022Article
- Human Papillomavirus Infection and the Risk of Erectile Dysfunction: A Nationwide Population-Based Matched Cohort Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- Approximate likelihood-based estimation method of multiple-type pathogen interactions: An application to longitudinal pneumococcal carriage data.Statistics in medicine · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The high prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted infection, arises from the coexistence of over 200 genetically distinct types. Accurately predicting the impact of vaccines that target multiple types requires understanding the factors that determine HPV diversity. The diversity of many pathogens is driven by type-specific or "homologous" immunity, which promotes the spread of variants to which hosts have little immunity. To test for homologous immunity and to identify mechanisms determining HPV transmission, we fitted nonlinear mechanistic models to longitudinal data on genital infections in unvaccinated men. Our results provide no evidence for homologous immunity, instead showing that infection with one HPV type strongly increases the risk of infection with that type for years afterward. For HPV16, the type responsible for most HPV-related cancers, an initial infection increases the 1-year probability of reinfection by 20-fold, and the probability of reinfection remains 14-fold higher 2 years later. This increased risk occurs in both sexually active and celibate men, suggesting that it arises from autoinoculation, episodic reactivation of latent virus, or both. Overall, our results suggest that high HPV prevalence and diversity can be explained by a combination of a lack of homologous immunity, frequent reinfections, weak competition between types, and variation in type fitness between host subpopulations. Because of the high risk of reinfection, vaccinating boys who have not yet been exposed may be crucial to reduce prevalence, but our results suggest that there may also be large benefits to vaccinating previously infected individuals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.