ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2017
Potential for Bias When Estimating Critical Windows for Air Pollution in Children's Health.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Application of the navigation guide systematic review methodology to evaluate prenatal exposure to particulate matter air pollution and infant birth weight.Environment international · 2021Pooled it
- Heat exposure and maternal stress: evidence from the GRAPHS pregnancy cohort in Ghana.Environmental research, health : ERH · 2026Article
- Gestational misalignment with fixed exposure windows: the potential dangers of zero-filling in distributed lag models.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Prenatal fluoride exposure and pregnancy outcomes in two US pregnancy cohorts.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Multi-Tree Model for Precision Environmental Health with Longitudinally Assessed Mixture Exposure.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics · 2026Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide, Fine Particulates, and Ozone in Relation to Child Behavior: The Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Association between greenspace exposure before, during, and after pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder in offspring.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Gestational fine particulate matter exposure and perinatal outcomes in the ECHO cohort: Associations across pregnancy windows.Environmental research · 2026Article
- Pre- and postnatal exposure to PMEnvironmental research · 2026Article
- Prenatal exposure to extreme heat and autism in children.The Science of the total environment · 2026Article
- Susceptible windows of long-term childhood exposure to air pollution on adult self-reported bronchitic symptoms.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- The impact of extreme air pollution on preterm birth in twin pregnancies: identifying susceptible exposure windows.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Association of PMPaediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2025Article
- Critical window of gestational greenspace exposure for the risk of low birth weight.Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site] · 2025Article
- Smooth and shape-constrained quantile distributed lag models.Biometrics · 2025Article
- Air pollution mixture exposure during pregnancy and postpartum psychological functioning: racial/ethnic- and fetal sex-specific associations.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2025Article
- Prenatal exposure to ambient temperature and preterm birth: a historical cohort.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Early life exposure to fine particulate matter and fine motor function, attentional function, and working memory among Spanish school-aged children.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Windows of susceptibility to air pollution during and surrounding pregnancy in relation to longitudinal maternal measures of adiposity and lipid profiles.Environmental research · 2025Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Evidence supports an association between maternal exposure to air pollution during pregnancy and children's health outcomes. Recent interest has focused on identifying critical windows of vulnerability. An analysis based on a distributed lag model (DLM) can yield estimates of a critical window that are different from those from an analysis that regresses the outcome on each of the 3 trimester-average exposures (TAEs). Using a simulation study, we assessed bias in estimates of critical windows obtained using 3 regression approaches: 1) 3 separate models to estimate the association with each of the 3 TAEs; 2) a single model to jointly estimate the association between the outcome and all 3 TAEs; and 3) a DLM. We used weekly fine-particulate-matter exposure data for 238 births in a birth cohort in and around Boston, Massachusetts, and a simulated outcome and time-varying exposure effect. Estimates using separate models for each TAE were biased and identified incorrect windows. This bias arose from seasonal trends in particulate matter that induced correlation between TAEs. Including all TAEs in a single model reduced bias. DLM produced unbiased estimates and added flexibility to identify windows. Analysis of body mass index z score and fat mass in the same cohort highlighted inconsistent estimates from the 3 methods.
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