ArticleAmerican journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2018
Immune checkpoint molecules soluble program death ligand 1 and galectin-9 are increased in pregnancy.
Article in American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Crosstalk Between Trophoblasts and Decidual Immune Cells: The Cornerstone of Maternal-Fetal Immunotolerance.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Galectin-Levels Are Elevated in Infants Born Preterm Due to Amniotic Infection and Rapidly Decline in the Neonatal Period.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Trial
- Serum sPD-L1 Levels in Early Pregnancy Predict Fetal Growth Restriction and Its Subtypes: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Blood-based biomarker discovery for early pregnancy loss using integrative multi-omics strategies.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- A rare variant in theArchives of medical science : AMS · 2026Article
- A novel sequence-based transformer model architecture for integrating multi-omics data in preterm birth risk prediction.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Surface Immune Checkpoints as Potential Biomarkers in Physiological Pregnancy and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Synthesis and evaluation of anti-PD-L1-B11 antibody fragments for PET imaging of PD-L1 in breast cancer and melanoma tumor models.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- The effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection on galectin-9 expression in decidual macrophages contributing to dysfunction of decidual NK cells during pregnancy.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Bridging the divide: unveiling mutual immunological pathways of cancer and pregnancy.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2024Review
- PD-L1/PD-1 pathway: a potential neuroimmune target for pain relief.Cell & bioscience · 2024Review
- Revisiting Multi-Omics Data to Unravel Galectins as Prognostic Factors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Soluble Forms of Immune Checkpoints and Their Ligands as Potential Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss-A Preliminary Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Regulation of PD-L1 Expression by Nuclear Receptors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Multiomic signals associated with maternal epidemiological factors contributing to preterm birth in low- and middle-income countries.Science advances · 2023Article
- Single cell profiling at the maternal-fetal interface reveals a deficiency of PD-L1Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Do Serum Galectin-9 Levels in Women with Gestational Diabetes and Healthy Ones Differ before or after Delivery? A Pilot Study.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Spatial profiling of the placental chorioamniotic membranes reveals upregulation of immune checkpoint proteins during Group BFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Decidual macrophages derived NO downregulates PD-L1 in trophoblasts leading to decreased Treg cells in recurrent miscarriage.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
problemPregnancy requires balance between tolerance to the haploidentical fetus and the mother's ability to mount immune responses. There are parallels to this phenomenon that occur in metastatic cancer. We assessed soluble program death ligand-1 soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) and galectin-9 in the blood of pregnant women during gestation as these molecules are highly involved in immune suppression during cancer. METHOD OF STUDY: Maternal blood was collected from 30 primigravida women at monthly intervals during pregnancy, delivery and 6-week post-partum. Blood was analyzed for sPD-L1 and galectin-9 concentrations by ELISA. Term placentas were collected in formalin and IHC was completed for PD-L1 and galectin-9 expression.
resultsMaternal blood levels of sPD-L1 (0.438 ng/mL) and galectin-9 (1976 pg/mL) were elevated early in normal pregnancies compared to non-pregnant controls (0.242 ng/mL and 773 pg/mL, respectively). sPD-L1 increased throughout gestation, whereas galectin-9 remained elevated until parturition; both proteins returned to control levels post-partum. Women carrying male fetuses had significantly higher galectin-9 levels, but not sPD-L1, than those carrying females (2263 pg/mL vs 1874 pg/mL; P = .0005). Trophoblast cells of the term placenta coexpress galectin-9 and PD-L1.
conclusionImmune-regulatory molecules galectin-9 and sPD-L1 increased during pregnancy and may play a role in immune tolerance that is critical for the fetus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.