ArticleScientific reports2017
FOXP2 variation in great ape populations offers insight into the evolution of communication skills.
Article in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurotoxic Effects of Neonicotinoids on Mammals: What Is There beyond the Activation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors?-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- In Depth Characterization of the Promoter Proximal Proteome of Single Copy Locus FOXP2.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2026Article
- A curated dataset of great ape genome diversity.Scientific data · 2025Article
- LinkedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The prefrontal cortex: from monkey to man.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Review
- Article
- Functional dissection of two amino acid substitutions unique to the human FOXP2 protein.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Sociality predicts orangutan vocal phenotype.Nature ecology & evolution · 2022Article
- Keeping the balance: Trade-offs between human brain evolution, autism, and schizophrenia.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Review
- PolyQ length co-evolution in neural proteins.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2021Article
- Age-associated epigenetic change in chimpanzees and humans.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2020Article
- Coupled whole-body rhythmic entrainment between two chimpanzees.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Orangutans show active voicing through a membranophone.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Article
- The untold stories of the speech gene, theGenes & cancer · 2018Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
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Abstract
The gene coding for the forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is associated with human language disorders. Evolutionary changes in this gene are hypothesized to have contributed to the emergence of speech and language in the human lineage. Although FOXP2 is highly conserved across most mammals, humans differ at two functional amino acid substitutions from chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas, with an additional fixed substitution found in orangutans. However, FOXP2 has been characterized in only a small number of apes and no publication to date has examined the degree of natural variation in large samples of unrelated great apes. Here, we analyzed the genetic variation in the FOXP2 coding sequence in 63 chimpanzees, 11 bonobos, 48 gorillas, 37 orangutans and 2 gibbons and observed undescribed variation in great apes. We identified two variable polyglutamine microsatellites in chimpanzees and orangutans and found three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms, one in chimpanzees, one in gorillas and one in orangutans with derived allele frequencies of 0.01, 0.26 and 0.29, respectively. Structural and functional protein modeling indicate a biochemical effect of the substitution in orangutans, and because of its presence solely in the Sumatran orangutan species, the mutation may be associated with reported population differences in vocalizations.
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