ArticleBMC ophthalmology2017
Prevalence and associated factors of strabismus in former preterm and full-term infants between 4 and 10 Years of age.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Esotropia and Exotropia Preferred Practice Pattern®.Ophthalmology · 2023Guideline
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: A systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.Survey of ophthalmologyPooled it
- Prevalence of strabismus, nystagmus and risk factors in children and adolescents born preterm with and without retinopathy of prematurity: results from the Gutenberg Prematurity Study Young.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Visual acuity, amblyopia and refractive error in preterm children with and without retinopathy of prematurity - Results from the Gutenberg Prematurity Study Young (GPSY).Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Observational
- Long-Term Ocular Outcomes of Prematurity: Morphological Alterations, Visual Aspects and Implications for Age-Related Ocular Diseases.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Risk of long-term ophthalmological complications in Taiwanese preterm infants: a nationwide cohort study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2024Article
- Prevalence of strabismus and risk factors in adults born preterm with and without retinopathy of prematurity: results from the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye study.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Maternal Hypertensive Disorder in Pregnancy and Childhood Strabismus in Offspring.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Retinopathy of prematurity screening: prevalence and risk factors of ophthalmic complications in non-treated preterm infants.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
- Self-Reported Findings of the Korean Intermittent Exotropia Multicenter Study Questionnaire.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2024Observational
- Prevalence and causes of ocular disorders and visual impairment among preterm children in Ethiopia.BMJ paediatrics open · 2024Article
- [Ophthalmic care of adults born preterm and full-term-results from the Gutenberg Prematurity Eye Study (GPES) : Premature birth and ophthalmological care].Die Ophthalmologie · 2023Article
- Visual acuity, amblyopia, and vision-related quality of life in preterm adults with and without ROP: results from the Gutenberg prematurity eye study.Eye (London, England) · 2023Article
- [Ophthalmological long-term sequelae of premature birth-Persisting into adulthood : Eye development and premature birth anamnesis].Die Ophthalmologie · 2023Review
- Association of Birth Weight With Foveolar Thickness in Adulthood: Results From a Population-Based Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- A comparison of posterior segment optical coherence tomography findings in full-term and preterm children without retinopathy of prematurity.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Prevalence of strabismus and its risk factors among school aged children: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- A retrospective survey of strabismus surgery in a tertiary eye center in northern China, 2014-2019.BMC ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Study of the Biological Developmental Characteristics of the Eye in Children After Laser Surgery for the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLimited data exist collating most of the associated factors for strabismus in one analysis. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of strabismus and to analyse associated factors in former preterm and full-term infants.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study, 239 former preterm infants with gestational age (GA) ≤ 32 weeks and 264 former full-term born infants with GA ≥ 37 weeks underwent detailed ophthalmologic examination in the age of 4-10 years and perinatal data assessment for risk factor analysis. Ophthalmologic examinations included cover testing, best corrected visual acuity, cycloplegic objective refraction, slit lamp as well as fundus examinations. For association analysis with strabismus, the following data was collected and included in multivariable analysis: sex, age at examination, anisometropia, myopic and hyperopic refractive error (≥ 3 dioptres), astigmatism, birth weight percentile, gestational age, retinopathy of prematurity occurrence, maternal age at childbirth, mother smoking, breastfeeding < 3 months, artificial ventilation, intraventricular bleeding, and other perinatal adverse events.
resultsOverall, 4/264 (2%) full-term infants, 15/125 (12%) preterm-infants with GA 29-32 weeks without ROP, 13/59 (22%) preterm infants with GA ≤ 28 weeks without ROP and 14/55 (26%) with GA ≤ 32 weeks with retinopathy of prematurity were affected by strabismus. In the multivariable regression model strabismus was associated with GA (OR = 0.84 per week; p = 0.001), hyperopic refractive error (OR = 4.22; p = 0.002) and astigmatism (OR = 1.68; p = 0.02).
conclusionThis investigation highlights that low gestational age and refraction of the eye are independent risk factors for strabismus, while the other factors show less independent influence.
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