ArticleBrain sciences2017
Social Determinants of Depression: The Intersections of Race, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status.
Article in Brain sciences, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization and Colocalization Study of Memory B Cells and Major Depressive Disorder.Current medical science · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Assessing and refining a metabolite-based distress score for use in different populations within three US cohorts.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- When Education Pays Less: Psychological Well-Being, Financial Strain, and Social Support Among Deaf Adults.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2026Article
- Bias Detection in Emergency Psychiatry: Linking Negative Language to Diagnostic Disparities.ArXiv · 2026Article
- The Impact of Neighbours and Neighbourhoods on Major Depressive Disorders in Adults.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Demographic variation in symptoms of depression and anxiety across 22 Global Flourishing Study countries.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Association between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease by sex: Mediating roles of psychological and behavioral factors.PloS one · 2026Article
- Prevalence and correlates of severe depressive symptoms among Arab, Asian, Black, Indigenous, White, and mixed-race individuals in Canada: a population-based study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Engaging Historically Excluded Women in Health Research: Addressing Intersectional Barriers to Advance Equitable Recruitment.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Racial/Ethnic variation in health insurance coverage and early midlife depressive symptoms in the U.S.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Prospective Within-person Relations among Parental Child-oriented Perfectionism, Child maladaptive Perfectionism, and Child Depressive Symptoms: A Five-wave Study.Journal of youth and adolescence · 2025Article
- Parsing Clinical and Neurobiological Sources of Heterogeneity in Depression.Biological psychiatry · 2025Article
- Experience of financial hardship and depression: a longitudinal population-based multi-state analysis.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2025Article
- The Association Between Dietary Fiber Intake and Depression Among US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on NHANES Data From 2005 to 2020.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Minorities' Diminished Psychedelic Returns: Income and Educations Impact on Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Mental health and catastrophic health expenditures in conflict-affected regions of Colombia before and during COVID-19: an inequalities perspective.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and moderators of depression symptoms among black individuals in Western Countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis among 1.3 million people in 421 studies.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- Longer-Term Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 Infection: Moderation by Race and Socioeconomic Status.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Uncovering unseen ties: a network analysis explores activities of daily living limitations and depression among Chinese older adults.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite the wealth of literature on social determinants of mental health, less is known about the intersection of these determinants. Using a nationally representative sample, this study aimed to study separate, additive, and multiplicative effects of race, gender, and SES on the risk of major depressive episode (MDE) among American adults.
methodsNational Survey of American Life (NSAL) included 3570 African Americans and 891 Whites. Race, gender, socioeconomic status (SES, household income, education, employment, and marital status) were independent variables. Twelve-month MDE was measured by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). A series of logistic regressions were used to analyze the data.
resultsIn the pooled sample, race and household income, but not gender, education, employment, and marital status were associated with 12-month MDE. Gender interacted with the effects of income on MDE, suggesting that the association between household income and MDE is larger for women than men. In race by gender specific models that controlled for other SES indicators, high income was protective for White women, education was protective for African American women, and high income became a risk factor for African American men. High income did not show a risk effect for African American men in the absence of other SES indicators.
conclusionsFindings suggest that race, gender, and class interact on how SES indicators, such as education or income, become a protective or a risk factor for MDE among American Adults. When the outcome is MDE, White women benefit more from income, African American women gain from education, however, the residual effect of high income (above and beyond education, employment, and marital status) may become a risk factor for African American men.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.