ArticleInternational journal of nanomedicine2017
Confocal laser scanning microscopy to estimate nanoparticles' human skin penetration in vitro.
Article in International journal of nanomedicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Micro- and Nanoplastics as Emerging Drivers of Liver Injury: Exposure, Evidence, and Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Skin Penetration of Fluorescent Dissolved Formulations Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Assessing the Impact of Nanoplastics in Biological Systems: Systematic Review of In Vitro Animal Studies.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- Bioarchitectural Design of Bioactive Biopolymers: Structure-Function Paradigm for Diabetic Wound Healing.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The Other Side of Plastics: Bioplastic-Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Systems in the Brain.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Methodologies to Evaluate the Hair Follicle-Targeted Drug Delivery Provided by Nanoparticles.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Cellular and Systemic Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Mammals-What We Know So Far.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Tetrahydrocurcumin Lipid Nanoparticle Based Gel Promotes Penetration into Deeper Skin Layers and Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis in 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) Mouse Model.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Tofacitinib Loaded Squalenyl Nanoparticles for Targeted Follicular Delivery in Inflammatory Skin Diseases.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Gel-Based Nanocarrier for Intravesical Chemotherapy Delivery: In Vitro and In Vivo Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Detection of Intracellular Gold Nanoparticles: An Overview.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveWith rapid development of nanotechnology, there is increasing interest in nanoparticle (NP) application and its safety and efficacy on human skin. In this study, we utilized confocal laser scanning microscopy to estimate NP skin penetration.
methodsThree different-sized polystyrene NPs marked with red fluorescence were applied to human skin, and Calcium Green 5N was used as a counterstain. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol were used as alternative vehicles for NPs. Tape stripping was utilized as a barrier-damaged skin model. Skin biopsies dosed with NPs were incubated at 4°C or 37°C for 24 hours and imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
resultsNPs were localized in the stratum corneum (SC) and hair follicles without penetrating the epidermis/dermis. Barrier alteration with tape stripping and change in incubation temperature did not induce deeper penetration. DMSO enhanced NP SC penetration but ethanol did not.
conclusionExcept with DMSO vehicle, these hydrolyzed polystyrene NPs did not penetrate intact or barrier-damaged human "viable" epidermis. For further clinical relevance, in vivo human skin studies and more sensitive analytic chemical methodology are suggested.
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