ArticleFrontiers in immunology2017
Inherent X-Linked Genetic Variability and Cellular Mosaicism Unique to Females Contribute to Sex-Related Differences in the Innate Immune Response.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission.Nature communications · 2020Pooled it
- Sex-Specific Temporal Patterns of Haemoglobin and Haematocrit as Mortality Predictors in Polytrauma Patients: A Watson Trauma Pathway Explorer Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- The impact of early nutritional support on in-hospital mortality in patients with sepsis caused by bacterial or viral infections: a retrospective cohort study.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- The TLR7 agonist vesatolimod does not measurably induce SIV expression in macaques receiving combination antiretroviral therapy initiated during chronic infection.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Sex and gender differences in cancer pathogenesis and pharmacology.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- Single-cell analysis of human fibrous dysplasia bone reveals a fibrotic transcriptome and GNAS variants in endothelial, perivascular, and stromal cells.American journal of human genetics · 2025Article
- Dissociable impacts of physical and psychological factors on side effects after COVID-19 vaccination in Japan: A within-subject repeated measures design.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Biological sex and age influence GS-9620 activity ex vivo.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Utilizing machine learning to predict hospital admissions for pediatric COVID-19 patients (PrepCOVID-Machine).Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex differences in the time trends of sepsis biomarkers following polytrauma.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex bias in tumor immunity: insights from immune cells.Theranostics · 2025Review
- Sexual dimorphism in immunity and longevity among the oldest old.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A landscape of X-inactivation during human T cell development.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Sex differences in sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory variables in childhood asthma: A birth cohort study.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2024Article
- Role of sex in immune response and epigenetic mechanisms.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2024Review
- Review
- Sex, sepsis and the brain: defining the role of sexual dimorphism on neurocognitive outcomes after infection.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2023Review
- Sex differences in neonatal brain injury and inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Virologists' Sex- and Gender-Based Medical Knowledge of COVID-19 Affects Quality of Students' Education.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- Alzheimer's disease-related transcriptional sex differences in myeloid cells.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Females have a longer lifespan and better general health than males. Considerable number of studies also demonstrated that, after trauma and sepsis, females present better outcomes as compared to males indicating sex-related differences in the innate immune response. The current notion is that differences in the immuno-modulatory effects of sex hormones are the underlying causative mechanism. However, the field remains controversial and the exclusive role of sex hormones has been challenged. Here, we propose that polymorphic X-linked immune competent genes, which are abundant in the population are important players in sex-based immuno-modulation and play a key role in causing sex-related outcome differences following trauma or sepsis. We describe the differences in X chromosome (ChrX) regulation between males and females and its consequences in the context of common X-linked polymorphisms at the individual as well as population level. We also discuss the potential pathophysiological and immune-modulatory aspects of ChrX cellular mosaicism, which is unique to females and how this may contribute to sex-biased immune-modulation. The potential confounding effects of ChrX skewing of cell progenitors at the bone marrow is also presented together with aspects of acute trauma-induced
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