ArticleRespiratory medicine2017
Combined effects of multiple risk factors on asthma in school-aged children.
Article in Respiratory medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of active and passive smoking with adolescent asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Bidirectional Association Between Asthma and Obesity During Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Violence-related distress and lung function in two longitudinal studies of youth.The European respiratory journal · 2022Trial
- Exposure to Violence and Asthma Endotypes in Puerto Rican Youth.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2025Article
- Asthma interactions between obesity and other risk factors.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2022Review
- Insights in Public Health: Ask the Keiki: Perceived Factors that Affect Asthma Among Adolescents from the Wai'anae Coast Using Photovoice.Hawai'i journal of health & social welfare · 2021Article
- Exposure to Violence, Psychosocial Stress, and Asthma.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2020Review
- Lung Function, Dietary Intake, and Weight Status in Children with Persistent Asthma from Low-Income, Urban Communities.Nutrients · 2019Article
- Interpreting patient-Specific risk prediction using contextual decomposition of BiLSTMs: application to children with asthma.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2019Article
- History of allergic rhinitis and risk of asthma; a systematic review and meta-analysis.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2019Article
- Eliminating health disparities in asthma: Are we at the end of the beginning?Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2019Article
- DNA methylation in nasal epithelium, atopy, and atopic asthma in children: a genome-wide study.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2019Article
- Real-world benefits of allergen immunotherapy for birch pollen-associated allergic rhinitis and asthma.Allergy · 2019Article
- Proteomic Analysis Provides Insights Into the Therapeutic Effect of GU-BEN-FANG-XIAO Decoction on a Persistent Asthmatic Mouse Model.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2019Article
- Quality of Life in Children with Asthma versus Healthy Children.Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences · 2018Article
- Association between Traffic Related Air Pollution and the Development of Asthma Phenotypes in Children: A Systematic Review.International journal of chronic diseases · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLittle is known about synergistic effects of several risk factors on asthma. We developed a risk score in Puerto Rican children, and then used this score to estimate the combined effects of multiple risk factors on asthma at school age in Puerto Rican and Swedish children.
methodsCase-control study in 609 Puerto Rican children (aged 6-14 years) and longitudinal birth cohort study of 2290 Swedish children followed up to age 12 years (The Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiological Survey [BAMSE] Study). In both cohorts, there was data on parental asthma, sex, obesity, allergic rhinitis, and early-life second-hand smoke (SHS); data on diet and (in children ≥9 years) lifetime exposure to gun violence were also available in the Puerto Rico study. Asthma was defined as physician-diagnosed asthma and ≥1 episode of wheeze in the previous year.
resultsIn a multivariable analysis in Puerto Rican children, male sex, parental asthma, allergic rhinitis, early-life SHS, an unhealthy diet and (in children ≥9 years) gun violence were each significantly associated with asthma. We next created a risk score using these variables (range, 0 to 5-6 in Puerto Rico and 0 to 4 in BAMSE). Compared with Puerto Rican children without any risk factors (i.e. a score of 0), Puerto Rican children with 2, 3, and at least 4 risk factors had 3.6 times (95% CI = 1.4-9.2), 10.4 times (95% CI = 4.0-27.0), and 21.6 times (95% CI = 7.2-64.9) significantly higher odds of asthma, respectively. In BAMSE, the presence of 2, 3, and at least 4 risk factors was significantly associated with 4.1 times (95% CI = 2.3-7.4), 6.3 times (95% CI = 3.0-13.3), and 17.2 times (95% CI = 4.1-73.2) increased odds of asthma at age 12 years.
conclusionsOur findings emphasize the multifactorial etiology of asthma, and suggest that concurrent eradication or reduction of several modifiable risk factors may better prevent or reduce the burden of childhood asthma.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.