ArticleThe Journal of pediatrics2017
Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation Is Associated with Infant Morbidity.
Article in The Journal of pediatrics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis and predictors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International health · 2026Pooled it
- Early Feeding for the Prevention of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Neonatology · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of cesarean section on timely initiation of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Pooled it
- Prevalence of neonatal hypothermia and its associated factors in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Effect of antenatal colostrum expression teaching on breastfeeding practices and birth outcomes: a retrospective case-control chart review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation and Associated Factors in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Diet diversity during complementary feeding and childhood acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea in rural China.BMJ nutrition, prevention & health · 2026Article
- Factors influencing delayed lactogenesis II among advanced-age women following cesarean section: a retrospective analysis and predictive model development.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
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- Prevalence of Delayed Initiation of Breastfeeding and Its Associated Factors Among Mothers Who Gave Birth by Cesarean Section in Gamo and Gofa Zones, Southern Ethiopia: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2025Article
- Hour of Life at Enteral Feeding Initiation and Associated Clinical Morbidity in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Prediction of delayed breastfeeding initiation among mothers having children less than 2 months of age in East Africa: application of machine learning algorithms.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
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- Lactation prescription plus acupoint stimulation improves breastfeeding quality and alleviates breast tenderness in parturients undergoing cesarean section.American journal of translational research · 2023Article
- Association between early initiation of breastfeeding and reduced risk of respiratory infection: Implications for nonseparation of infant and mother in the COVID-19 context.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Article
- Modeling spatial determinants of initiation of breastfeeding in Ethiopia: A geographically weighted regression analysis.PloS one · 2022Article
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- Exclusive breastfeeding lowers the odds of childhood diarrhea and other medical conditions: evidence from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2021Article
- Maternal and child factors associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding in sub-Saharan Africa.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the relationship between breastfeeding initiation time and postneonatal mortality, morbidity, and growth through 24 months in a cohort of Tanzanian infants. STUDY
designWe included 4203 infants from 2 trials of micronutrient supplementation. We used Cox proportional hazards models or general estimating equations to estimate relative risks.
resultsA total of 13% of infants initiated breastfeeding >1 hour after birth (n = 536). There was no association between breastfeeding initiation time and risk of all-cause or cause-specific mortality, nor infant growth failure, from 6 weeks to 2 years of age. However, delayed breastfeeding was associated with an increased risk of several common infectious morbidities in early infancy, including upper respiratory infection symptoms and vomiting. Compared with those who initiated breastfeeding within the first hour of birth, delayed breastfeeding initiation was associated with an 11% increased risk of cough (relative risk 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-1.21) and a 48% increased risk of difficulty breathing (relative risk 1.48, 95% CI 1.09-2.01) during the first 6 months. Delayed initiation was associated with a greater risk of difficulty breathing from 6 to 12 months of age, but it was not associated with risk of any other morbidity during this time, nor any morbidity between 12 and 24 months.
conclusionDelayed breastfeeding initiation is associated with an increased risk of infant morbidity during the first 6 months of life. Early breastfeeding initiation, along with exclusive and prolonged breastfeeding, should be prioritized and promoted in efforts to improve child health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.