Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29169035›Full record

Observational studyDrug and alcohol dependence2018

Do law enforcement interactions reduce the initiation of injection drug use? An investigation in three North American settings.

J S Melo, R S Garfein, K Hayashi, M J Milloy, K DeBeck, S Sun, S Jain, S A Strathdee, D Werb

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

J S MeloDivision of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
R S GarfeinDivision of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
K HayashiBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
M J MilloyBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
K DeBeckBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
S SunDivision of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
S JainDivision of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
S A StrathdeeDivision of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
D WerbDivision of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada. Electronic address: dwerb@ucsd.edu.

Funding

Vancouver Drug Users Study: The Impacts of Evolving Drug Use Patterns on HIV/AIDSU01DA038886 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA · PI DEBECK, KORA, HAYASHI, KANNA · 2015 to 2024
$12.1M
Impact of Drug Policy Reform on the HIV Risk Environment among IDUs in TijuanaR37DA019829 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI STRATHDEE, STEFFANIE A. · 2010 to 2019
$6.7M
Impacts of universal access to HIV/AIDS care among HIV+ injection drug usersR01DA021525 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA · PI MILLOY, M-J · 2007 to 2016
$5.8M
Impacts of universal access to HIV/AIDS care among HIV+ injection drug usersU01DA021525 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA · PI MILLOY, M-J · 2017 to 2024
$4.3M
Drug tourism to Mexico: Impact of Mexicos new drug law on HIV-HCV-TB in US IDUsR01DA031074 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI GARFEIN, RICHARD S · 2011 to 2015
$3.2M
Epidemiology of HIV and Hepatitis C Among Injecting Drug Users in TijuanaR01DA019829 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI STRATHDEE, STEFFANIE A. · 2005 to 2009
$2.9M
Preventing HIV by modifying the context for injecting initiationDP2DA040256 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI WERB, DANIEL M · 2015 to 2015
$2.3M
CIHRNIDA NIH HHS DP2 DA040256NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA019829NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA021525NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA031074NIDA NIH HHS R37 DA019829NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA021525NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA038886
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe prevention of drug injecting is often cited as a justification for the deployment of law enforcement and for the continuation of drug criminalization policies. We sought to characterize the impact of law enforcement interactions on the risk that people who inject drugs (PWID) report assisting others with injection initiation in three North American countries.

methodsCross-sectional data from PWID participating in cohort studies in three cities (San Diego, USA; Tijuana, Mexico; Vancouver, Canada) were pooled (August 2014-December 2016). The dependent variable was defined as recently (i.e., past six months) providing injection initiation assistance; the primary independent variable was the frequency of recent law enforcement interactions, defined categorically (0 vs. 1 vs. 2-5 vs. ≥6). We employed multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess this relationship while controlling for potential confounders.

resultsAmong 2122 participants, 87 (4.1%) reported recently providing injection initiation assistance, and 802 (37.8%) reported recent law enforcement interactions. Reporting either one or more than five recent interactions with law enforcement was not significantly associated with injection initiation assistance. Reporting 2-5 law enforcement interactions was associated with initiation assistance (Adjusted Odds Ratio=1.74, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.01-3.02).

conclusionsReporting interactions with law enforcement was not associated with a reduced likelihood that PWID reported initiating others into injection drug use. Instead, we identified a positive association between reporting law enforcement interactions and injection initiation assistance among PWID in multiple settings. These findings raise concerns regarding the effectiveness of drug law enforcement to deter injection drug use initiation.

Indexed as

AdultBritish ColumbiaCaliforniaCognitionCohort StudiesCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansLaw EnforcementMaleMexicoMiddle AgedNorth AmericaProspective StudiesSubstance Abuse, IntravenousInjection initiationLaw enforcementPeople who inject drugsSyndemic

Identifiers

PMID29169035
PMCPMC6219752

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.