ReviewEpidemiology and infection2017
A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa.
Review in Epidemiology and infection, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers.
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Who cites it
65 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- A bivalent inactivated influenza vaccine incorporating epitope-optimized surface proteins confers cross-protective immunity against H9N2 influenza virus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Complete genome sequence of BLRI-developed inactivated avian influenza A/H9N2 vaccine strain in Bangladesh.Microbiology resource announcements · 2026Article
- HVT-based multiepitope vaccine administered subcutaneously or in ovo boosts protection of inactivated H9N2 vaccine against heterologous virus.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Global dynamics of avian influenza: a twenty-year analysis of highly pathogenic viruses linking the Caspian Basin, Eurasia and Africa sectors (2005-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Review of avian influenza outbreaks in Nigeria 2006-2025.Open veterinary journal · 2025Review
- The Threat of Avian Influenza in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A One Health Perspective.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Review
- Development and application of a real-time fluorescent RAA assay for H9 subtype avian influenza viruses.Virus genes · 2025Article
- Bivalent Oral Vaccine Using AttenuatedVaccines · 2025Article
- Enhanced Immunogenicity of Chicken H9N2 Influenza Inactivated Vaccine Through a Novel Dual-Targeting Fusion Protein Strategy.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Age-related serological response to H9N2 infection in southwest Tripoli, Libya.Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Article
- Influenza a virus subtype H9N2 infection induces respiratory microbiota dysbiosis in chickens via type-I interferon-mediated mechanisms.FEMS microbes · 2025Article
- Establishment of a Real-Time Fluorescence Isothermal Recombinase-Aided Amplification Method for the Detection of H9 Avian Influenza Virus.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Molecular characterization of the whole genome of H9N2 avian influenza virus isolated from Egyptian poultry farms.Archives of virology · 2024Article
- Genetic Diversity of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Waterbirds in Northeast Italy Using Two Different Sampling Strategies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Polysaccharide fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Genetic insights of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Mali and phylogeographic patterns in Northern and Western Africa.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- First Report of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtype H9N2 in African Houbara Bustards (Viruses · 2023Article
- Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses in Morocco: Antigenic and Molecular Evolution from 2021 to 2023.Viruses · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the Virulence of Low Pathogenic H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Strains in Broiler Chickens.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
H9N2 is the most widespread avian influenza virus subtype in poultry worldwide. It infects a broad spectrum of host species including birds and mammals. Infections in poultry and humans vary from silent to fatal. Importantly, all AIV, which are fatal in humans (e.g. H5N1, H7N9) acquired their 'internal' gene segments from H9N2 viruses. Although H9N2 is endemic in the Middle East (ME) and North Africa since the late 1990s, little is known about its epidemiology and genetics on a regional level. In this review, we summarised the epidemiological situation of H9N2 in poultry and mammals in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. The virus has been isolated from humans in Egypt and serosurveys indicated widespread infection particularly among poultry workers and pigs in some countries. Some isolates replicated well in experimentally inoculated dogs, mice, hamsters and ferrets. Insufficient protection of immunised poultry was frequently reported most likely due to concurrent viral or bacterial infections and antigenic drift of the field viruses from outdated vaccine strains. Genetic analysis indicated several distinct phylogroups including a panzootic genotype in the Asian and African parts of the ME, which may be useful for the development of vaccines. The extensive circulation of H9N2 for about 20 years in this region where the H5N1 virus is also endemic in some countries, poses a serious public health threat. Regional surveillance and control strategy are highly recommended.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.