SynthesisScientific reports2017
Early vaccination protects against childhood leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaccination and the Risk of Childhood Cancer-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Trained Immunity in Childhood Vaccination.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity Induced by Vaccines: A Shifting Paradigm for Infant and Adult Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The TRIM-cancer paradox: BCG as a programmable vaccine platform and a mechanistic probe for rational immunotherapy design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Bacillus Calmette-Guerin induces CD8+ T cell infiltration and suppresses tumor progression in microsatellite stable colorectal cancer by downregulating ARID1A.Cancer gene therapy · 2025Article
- Review
- No Increased Risk of Autoimmune Diseases Following HPV Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Role of Trained Immunity in Heath and Disease.Current cardiology reports · 2025Review
- Recent Advances of Trained immunity in Macrophages.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Childhood B cell leukemia: Intercepting the paths to progression.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2024Review
- Neuropathological lesions in intravenous BCG-stimulated K18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- Efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin in Cancer Prevention and Its Putative Mechanisms.Journal of cancer prevention · 2024Review
- When inflammatory stressors dramatically change, disease phenotypes may transform between autoimmune hematopoietic failure and myeloid neoplasms.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Age and ligand specificity influence the outcome of pathogen engagement on preleukemic and leukemic B-cell precursor populations.Blood advances · 2023Article
- Pleiotropic Effects of Influenza Vaccination.Vaccines · 2023Review
- BCG-induced trained immunity: history, mechanisms and potential applications.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Review
- Bacterial immunotherapy: is it a weapon in our arsenal in the fight against cancer?Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- "Trained Immunity" fromFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The BCG Moreau Vaccine Upregulates In Vitro the Expression of TLR4, B7-1, Dectin-1 and EP2 on Human Monocytes.Vaccines · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 12 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Leukemia is the most commonly diagnosed childhood cancer, although its etiology is still largely unknown. Growing evidence supports a role for infection in the etiology of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and the involvement of the immune system suggests that vaccination may also play a role. However, the findings presented in the published literature are inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis. 14 studies were identified and meta-analyzed. Vaccinations studied comprised Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Triple vaccine, Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV), Polio, Measles, Rubella, Mumps, trivalent MMR vaccine and Haemophilus influenza type B (HiB) vaccine. We observed a protective association between any vaccination in the first year of life and risk of childhood leukemia (summary odds ratio (OR) 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.91]). When individual vaccines were analysed, some evidence of an association was seen only for BCG (summary OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.50-1.08]). In conclusion, early vaccination appears to be associated with a reduced risk of childhood leukemia. This finding may be underpinned by the association observed for BCG. Given the relatively imprecise nature of the results of this meta-analysis, our findings should be interpreted cautiously and replicated in future studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.