ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2017
Peptides Released from Foremilk and Hindmilk Proteins by Breast Milk Proteases Are Highly Similar.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Bioactive Compounds and Allergic- and Infectious-Related Infant Outcomes: A Systematic Review.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Pooled it
- Human breast milk lipoproteins: A preliminary biochemical characterization.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Rules of Thumb for Estimating Drug Levels in Breast Milk: How Well Do They Work?Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Organic Fusion of Molecular Simulation and Wet-Lab Validation: A Promising High-Throughput Strategy for Screening Bioactive Food Peptides.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Optimizing workflow efficiency for analyzing low molecular weight endogenous peptides in colostrum.RSC advances · 2024Article
- Pep19 Has a Positive Effect on Insulin Sensitivity and Ameliorates Both Hepatic and Adipose Tissue Phenotype of Diet-Induced Obese Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Article
- Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Monitoring Human Milk β-Casein Phosphorylation andInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Article
- Influence of the Type of Breastfeeding and Human Milk Polyamines on Infant Anthropometric Parameters.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
- Human milk and infant formulae: Peptide differences and the opportunity to address the functional gap.Current research in food science · 2020Article
- Differences and Similarities in the Peptide Profile of Preterm and Term Mother's Milk, and Preterm and Term Infant Gastric Samples.Nutrients · 2020Article
- Purification of Antibodies From Human Milk and Infant Digestates for Viral Inhibition Assays.Frontiers in nutrition · 2020Article
- Toward an efficient workflow for the analysis of the human milk peptidome.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2019Article
- Peptidomics Analysis of Milk Protein-Derived Peptides Released over Time in the Preterm Infant Stomach.Journal of proteome research · 2019Article
- Short Communication: Differences in Levels of Free Amino Acids and Total Protein in Human Foremilk and Hindmilk.Nutrients · 2018Article
- Comparison of Human Milk Immunoglobulin Survival during Gastric Digestion between Preterm and Term Infants.Nutrients · 2018Article
- Release of functional peptides from mother's milk and fortifier proteins in the premature infant stomach.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Human milk contains active proteases that initiate hydrolysis of milk proteins within the mammary gland. Milk expressed at the beginning of feeding is known as foremilk and that at the end of feeding is known as hindmilk. As hindmilk contains higher fat, vitamins A and E, and higher calories than foremilk, feeding only hindmilk initially and reserving foremilk for later are practiced in some neonatal intensive care units. This study investigated the difference in peptide profiles, predicted milk protease activities, and bioactive peptides between foremilk and hindmilk. Bioactive peptides are short fragments of proteins that influence biological processes. Four mothers pumped 10 mL of their foremilk and 10 mL of their hindmilk into iced containers prepared with antiproteases and the samples were immediately frozen. The peptide profile of each sample was analyzed by liquid chromatography nano-electrospray ionization Orbitrap Fusion tandem mass spectrometry. Peptide abundance (sum of ion intensities) and count (number of unique peptide sequences) in each milk sample were determined from this analysis. The specific enzymes that participated in peptide release were predicted based on the amino acids positioned at each cleavage site. Peptide bioactivity was predicted based on homology to a known functional peptide database and two bioactivity prediction algorithms. Hindmilk contained a higher count of peptides than foremilk. The higher number of unique peptide sequences in hindmilk was related to hydrolysis of β-casein, osteopontin, α
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.