Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29162146›Full record

ArticleBreast cancer research : BCR2017

Smoking and risk of breast cancer in the Generations Study cohort.

Michael E Jones, Minouk J Schoemaker, Lauren B Wright, Alan Ashworth, Anthony J Swerdlow

Abstract readHistorical Article
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
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Article in Breast cancer research : BCR, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
105citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

105 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  13. PI3 K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its role in breast cancer stem cells.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025
    Review
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45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Michael E JonesDivision of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK. michael.jones@icr.ac.uk.
Minouk J SchoemakerDivision of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
Lauren B WrightDivision of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
Alan AshworthDivision of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
Anthony J SwerdlowDivision of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPlausible biological reasons exist regarding why smoking could affect breast cancer risk, but epidemiological evidence is inconsistent.

methodsWe used serial questionnaire information from the Generations Study cohort (United Kingdom) to estimate HRs for breast cancer in relation to smoking adjusted for potentially confounding factors, including alcohol intake.

resultsAmong 102,927 women recruited 2003-2013, with an average of 7.7 years of follow-up, 1815 developed invasive breast cancer. The HR (reference group was never smokers) was 1.14 (95% CI 1.03-1.25; P = 0.010) for ever smokers, 1.24 (95% CI 1.08-1.43; P = 0.002) for starting smoking at ages < 17 years, and 1.23 (1.07-1.41; P = 0.004) for starting smoking 1-4 years after menarche. Breast cancer risk was not statistically associated with interval from initiation of smoking to first birth (P-trend = 0.97). Women with a family history of breast cancer (ever smoker vs never smoker HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.12-1.62; P = 0.002) had a significantly larger HR in relation to ever smokers (P for interaction = 0.039) than women without (ever smoker vs never smoker HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.96-1.20; P = 0.22). The interaction was prominent for age at starting smoking (P = 0.003) and starting smoking relative to age at menarche (P = 0.0001).

conclusionsSmoking was associated with a modest but significantly increased risk of breast cancer, particularly among women who started smoking at adolescent or peri-menarcheal ages. The relative risk of breast cancer associated with smoking was greater for women with a family history of the disease.

Indexed as

AdultBiomarkers, TumorBreast NeoplasmsCohort StudiesFemaleHistory, 21st CenturyHumansMiddle AgedPopulation SurveillanceRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSmokingSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited KingdomBiomarkers, TumorBreast neoplasmsCohort studiesSmoking

Identifiers

PMID29162146
PMCPMC5698948

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.