Trial reportMalaria journal2017
A village level cluster-randomized entomological evaluation of combination long-lasting insecticidal nets containing pyrethroid plus PBO synergist in Southern Mali.
Trial report in Malaria journal, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of entomological outcomes and sampling approaches used in the evaluation of cluster randomised controlled trials for malaria vector control products.Malaria journal · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness and Efficacy of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets for Malaria Control in Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide-treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) combined with pyrethroids in insecticide-treated nets to prevent malaria in Africa.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Field performance of three mosquito collection methods for assessing the entomological efficacy of dual-active ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Differential impact of dual-active ingredient long-lasting insecticidal nets on primary malaria vectors: a secondary analysis of a 3-year, single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial in rural Tanzania.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2023Trial
- Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes and the effect of pre-exposure to a piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist on resistance to deltamethrin in northern Namibia.Malaria journal · 2024Article
- Sub-national tailoring of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Mali based on malaria surveillance and rainfall data.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Stratification at the health district level for targeting malaria control interventions in Mali.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Pyrethroid-piperonyl butoxide (PBO) nets reduce the efficacy of indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl against pyrethroid-resistant malaria vectors.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Emerging Mosquito Resistance to Piperonyl Butoxide-Synergized Pyrethroid Insecticide and Its Mechanism.Journal of medical entomology · 2022Article
- Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles gambiae Not Associated with Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Net Effectiveness Across Sub-Saharan Africa.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- From Global to Local-New Insights into Features of Pyrethroid Detoxification in Vector Mosquitoes.Insects · 2021Review
- Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) exhibit high intensity pyrethroid resistance throughout Southern and Central Mali (2016-2018): PBO or next generation LLINs may provide greater control.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- Status of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) of The Gambia.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThere is growing concern that malaria vector resistance to pyrethroid insecticides may reduce the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Combination LLINs are designed to control susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant mosquito populations through a mixture of pyrethroid with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist. A cluster randomized trial with entomology outcome measures was conducted in Mali to determine the added benefit over mono-treated pyrethroid predecessors. Four LLIN treatments; permethrin + PBO, permethrin, deltamethrin + PBO, and deltamethrin, were randomly allocated to four villages each (16 villages total) and distributed to cover every sleeping place. Entomological monitoring of indoor Anopheles resting densities, host preference, vector longevity, and sporozoite rates were monitored every 2 months over 2 years in 2014 and 2015.
resultsBottle bioassays confirmed permethrin and deltamethrin resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), (the predominant species throughout the study) with pre-exposure to PBO indicating partial involvement of oxidases. Between 2014 and 2015 the mean indoor resting density was greater in the deltamethrin + PBO LLIN arm than the deltamethrin LLIN arm at 3.05 (95% CI 3.00-3.10) An. gambiae s.l. per room per day compared with 1.9 (95% CI 1.87-1.97). There was no significant difference in sporozoite rate at 3.97% (95% CI 2.91-5.02) for the deltamethrin LLIN arm and 3.04% (95% CI 2.21-3.87) for deltamethrin + PBO LLIN arm (P = 0.17). However, when analysed by season there was some evidence that the sporozoite rate was lower in the deltamethrin + PBO LLIN arm than deltamethrin LLIN arm during the rainy/high malaria transmission seasons at 1.95% (95% CI 1.18-2.72) and 3.70% (95% CI 2.56-4.84) respectively (P = 0.01).
conclusionsWhile there was some evidence that An. gambiae s.l. sporozoite rates were lower in villages with deltamethrin + PBO LLINs during the high malaria transmission seasons of 2014-2015, there was no reduction in parity rates or indoor resting densities. There was also no evidence that permethrin + PBO LLINs provided any improved control when compared with permethrin LLINs. Combination nets may have a greater impact in areas where mixed function oxidases play a more important role in pyrethroid resistance.
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