ArticleOncoimmunology
Age, estrogen, and immune response in breast adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal tissue.
Article in Oncoimmunology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Distinct genomic and immunologic tumor evolution in germline TP53-driven breast cancers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- FUNCellA: A Tool for Single-Sample Enrichment Analysis and Relative Pathway Activity Estimation in Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- CD8Oncoimmunology · 2025Article
- Benign breast tumors may arise on different immunological backgrounds.Molecular oncology · 2024Article
- Towards targeting the breast cancer immune microenvironment.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2024Review
- Searching for Essential Genes and Targeted Drugs Common to Breast Cancer and Osteoarthritis.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2024Article
- Review
- Expression of hormone receptors is associated with specific immunological profiles of the breast cancer microenvironment.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2023Article
- Experimental and clinical evidence in favour of an effective immune stimulation in ER-positive, endocrine-dependent metastatic breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Aberrant expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in the disease progression and metastasis of breast cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Association of body mass index and inflammatory dietary pattern with breast cancer pathologic and genomic immunophenotype in the nurses' health study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2022Observational
- Novel lipometabolism biomarker for chemotherapy and immunotherapy response in breast cancer.BMC cancer · 2022Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolic Isozyme Targets in Cancer.Cancer research · 2022Article
- The impact of age group in breast cancer survival outcome according to neoadjuvant treatment response: A matched case-control study.The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences · 2022Article
- Review
- CCR5 is a prognostic biomarker and an immune regulator for triple negative breast cancer.Aging · 2021Article
- Protein-based immune profiles of basal-like vs. luminal breast cancers.Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology · 2021Article
- Identification of molecular heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma based on immune gene expression signatures.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2021Article
- The Immunology of Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Macrophage Biology and Mechanisms of Immune Suppression in Breast Cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic inflammation promotes breast tumor growth and invasion by accelerating angiogenesis and tissue remodeling in the tumor microenvironment. There is a complex relationship between inflammation and estrogen, which drives the growth of 70 percent of breast tumors. While low levels of estrogen exposure stimulate macrophages and other inflammatory cell populations, very high levels are immune suppressive. Breast tumor incidence is increased by obesity and age, which interact to influence inflammatory cell populations in normal breast tissue. To characterize the impact of these factors on tumors and the tumor microenvironment, we measured gene expression in 195 breast adenocarcinomas and matched adjacent normal breast tissue samples collected at Akershus University Hospital (AHUS). Age and Body Mass Index (BMI) were independently associated with inflammation in adjacent normal tissue but not tumors. Estrogen Receptor (ER)-negative tumors had elevated macrophage expression compared with matched normal tissue, but ER-positive tumors showed an unexpected decrease in macrophage expression. We found an inverse relationship between the increase in tumor estrogen pathway expression compared with adjacent normal tissue and tumor macrophage score. We validated this finding in 126 breast tumor-normal pairs from the previously published METABRIC cohort. We developed a novel statistic, the Rewiring Coefficient, to quantify the rewiring of gene co-expression networks at the level of individual genes. Differential correlation analysis demonstrated distinct pathways were rewired during tumorigenesis. Our data support an immune suppressive effect of high doses of estrogen signaling in breast tumor microenvironment, suggesting that this effect contributes to the greater presence of prognostic and therapeutically relevant immune cells in ER-negative tumors.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.