ArticleBMJ open2017
Menopausal hormone therapy and colorectal cancer: a linkage between nationwide registries in Norway.
Article in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating Sex Hormone Levels and Colon Cancer Risk in Men: A Nested Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Gut microbiome-driven colorectal cancer via immune, metabolic, neural, and endocrine axes reprogramming.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Asparagine synthetase and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor are critical responders to nutrient supply in KRAS mutant colorectal cancer.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Role of sex steroids in colorectal cancer: pathomechanisms and medical applications.American journal of cancer research · 2024Review
- Progress and Perspectives in Colon Cancer Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatments.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Phenolic Phytochemicals for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Critical Evaluation of In Vivo Studies.Cancers · 2023Review
- Estrogen receptor beta expression in colitis-associated carcinoma in comparison with sporadic colonic tumor: An immunohistochemical study.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2023Article
- Genome-Wide Interaction Analysis of Genetic Variants With Menopausal Hormone Therapy for Colorectal Cancer Risk.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2022Article
- Progesterone limits the tumor-promoting effects of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin via non-nuclear receptors.iScience · 2022Article
- Review
- ERβ and Inflammation.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2022Article
- The effect of menopausal hormone therapy on gastrointestinal cancer risk and mortality in South Korea: a population-based cohort study.BMC gastroenterology · 2021Article
- The Importance of Sex in the Discovery of Colorectal Cancer Prognostic Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Investigating the Factors Associated with the Level of Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Patients Suffering from Colorectal Cancer.Journal of cancer epidemiology · 2021Article
- Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Mortality among Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer Patients.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2020Article
- High-fat diet and estrogen impacts the colon and its transcriptome in a sex-dependent manner.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Observational
- Serial endometrial thickness and risk of non-endometrial hormone-dependent cancers in postmenopausal women in UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2020Article
- The role of sex in the innate and adaptive immune environment of metastatic colorectal cancer.British journal of cancer · 2020Article
- Targeting estrogen receptors in colorectal cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWith the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between menopausal hormone therapy (HT) and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).
settingCohort study based on the linkage of Norwegian population-based registries.
participantsWe selected 466822 Norwegian women, aged 55-79, alive and residing in Norway as of 1 January 2004, and we followed them from 2004 to 2008. Each woman contributed person-years at risk as non-user, current user and/or past HT user. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome of interest was adenocarcinoma of the colorectal tract, overall, by anatomic site and stage at diagnosis. Incidence rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were estimated by Poisson regression and were used to evaluate the association between HT and CRC incidence.
resultsDuring the median follow-up of 4.8 years, 138 655 (30%) women received HT and 3799 (0.8%) incident CRCs occurred. Current, but not past, use of HT was associated with a lower risk of CRC (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.98). RRs for localised, regionally advanced and metastatic CRC were 1.13 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.41), 0.81 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.94) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.00), respectively. RRs for current use of oestrogen therapy (ET) were 0.91 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.04) while RR for current use of combined oestrogen-progestin therapy (EPT) was 0.85 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.03), as compared with no use of HT. The same figures for ET and EPT in oral formulations were 0.83 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.03) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.05), respectively.
conclusionsIn our nationwide cohort study, HT use lowered the risk of CRC, specifically the most advanced CRC.
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