ReviewNature reviews. Cardiology2018
Next-generation pacemakers: from small devices to biological pacemakers.
Review in Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Influence and safety of electronic apex locators in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: a systematic review.The Libyan journal of medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of Lingbao Huxin Dan in the treatment of sick sinus syndrome: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Trial
- Compound Tongyang Fumai decoction improves quality of life in sick sinus syndrome: a randomized controlled study.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2024Trial
- Self-sustaining leadless intracardiac pacemaker powered by triboelectric nanogenerator.Science advances · 2026Article
- Cardiac Pacemaker Cells Harness Stochastic Resonance to Avoid Sinus Arrest.Circulation research · 2026Article
- Regulation of Pacemaker Current in the Sinoatrial Node by Zonula Occludens-1.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Biomechanical Isolation is Required for Maintenance of the Cardiac Pacemaker Cell Fate.Research square · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of rectified gap junctional coupling enhancing pacemaking activity of biologically engineered pacemaker cells.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Article
- Gene therapy for cardiac arrhythmias.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Repurposing the skin to heal the body: Tissue Nanotransfection (TNT) as a therapeutic platform.Med-X · 2026Article
- Preferences of Patients and Cardiologists Regarding Pacemaker Characteristics in Spain: A Discrete Choice Experiment.Patient preference and adherence · 2026Article
- Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts.Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE · 2025Article
- Materials Advances in Devices for Heart Disease Interventions.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Review
- Aging and sinus node dysfunction: mechanisms and future directions.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Review
- Advances in Symbiotic Bioabsorbable Devices.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Implantable bioelectronic devices for photoelectrochemical and electrochemical modulation of cells and tissues.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2025Article
- Replacement as an aging intervention.Nature aging · 2025Review
- Pacemakers in Modern Cardiology and Their Transition From Traditional to Leadless Models.Cureus · 2025Review
- Nature-inspired surface modification strategies for implantable devices.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Review
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Electrogenesis in the heart begins in the sinoatrial node and proceeds down the conduction system to originate the heartbeat. Conduction system disorders lead to slow heart rates that are insufficient to support the circulation, necessitating implantation of electronic pacemakers. The typical electronic pacemaker consists of a subcutaneous generator and battery module attached to one or more endocardial leads. New leadless pacemakers can be implanted directly into the right ventricular apex, providing single-chamber pacing without a subcutaneous generator. Modern pacemakers are generally reliable, and their programmability provides options for different pacing modes tailored to specific clinical needs. Advances in device technology will probably include alternative energy sources and dual-chamber leadless pacing in the not-too-distant future. Although effective, current electronic devices have limitations related to lead or generator malfunction, lack of autonomic responsiveness, undesirable interactions with strong magnetic fields, and device-related infections. Biological pacemakers, generated by somatic gene transfer, cell fusion, or cell transplantation, provide an alternative to electronic devices. Somatic reprogramming strategies, which involve transfer of genes encoding transcription factors to transform working myocardium into a surrogate sinoatrial node, are furthest along in the translational pipeline. Even as electronic pacemakers become smaller and less invasive, biological pacemakers might expand the therapeutic armamentarium for conduction system disorders.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.