SynthesisBMC pregnancy and childbirth2017
A review of measures of women's empowerment and related gender constructs in family planning and maternal health program evaluations in low- and middle-income countries.
Synthesis in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Impact of Women's Agency on Accessing and Using Maternal Healthcare Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Perceived Social Support and Women's Empowerment and Their Associations with Pregnancy Experiences in Anxious Women: A Study from Urban Pakistan.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Trial
- Trends and determinants of utilization of traditional contraceptive methods among women of reproductive age (WRA) (15-49 years) in Uganda.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2026Article
- Linking women's empowerment to modern contraceptive use: evidence from the Tanzania demographic and health survey 2022.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Agency in Family Planning: A Scoping Review of the Measurement of Agency in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Studies in family planning · 2025Article
- Four-year follow-up of CHARM2, an effective family planning intervention, on number and sex of births: Findings from an RCT in rural India.Dialogues in health · 2025Article
- Towards a common understanding of gender-responsive monitoring and evaluation for health programs and interventions: Evidence from a scoping review.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- Justification of physical intimate partner violence among married men in East Africa evidence from the recent demographic and health survey (2015-2022): a multilevel analysis.Frontiers in sociology · 2025Article
- Navigating complex decision in a new setting; perspectives of Arabic-speaking migrant men in Sweden on family planning decision making.PloS one · 2025Article
- Attitudes toward sexual and reproductive health and rights and their associations with reproductive agency: a population-based cross-sectional study in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Zimbabwe.Sexual and reproductive health matters · 2024Article
- Women's empowerment, modern energy, and demand for maternal health services in Benin.International journal of health economics and management · 2024Article
- Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Validation of the Sexual and Reproductive Empowerment Scale for Adolescents and Young Adults in Kenya.Studies in family planning · 2024Article
- Scoping review of qualitative studies on family planning in Uganda.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Exploration of modern contraceptive methods using patterns among later reproductive-aged women in Bangladesh.PloS one · 2024Article
- An examination of the factors associated with male partner attendance in antenatal care in India.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Association of Male Partners' Gender-Equitable Attitudes and Behaviors with Young Mothers' Postpartum Family Planning and Maternal Health Outcomes in Kinshasa, DRC.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Applying a gender lens to social norms, couple communication and decision making to increase modern contraceptive use in Ethiopia, a mixed methods study.Reproductive health · 2022Article
- A summative content analysis of how programmes to improve the right to sexual and reproductive health address power.BMJ global health · 2022Article
- Empowerment in pregnancy: ART adherence among women living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- Antenatal Care Research in East Africa During the Millennium Development Goals Initiative: A Scoping Review.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEvidence suggests that gender-integrated interventions, which actively seek to identify and integrate activities that address the role of gender norms and dynamics, improve family planning (FP) and maternal health (MH). To understand the link between the gender components of interventions and FP and MH outcomes, it is critical to examine the gender measures used in evaluations.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review of evaluations of gender-integrated FP and MH interventions in low- and middle-income countries. We examine characteristics of the interventions and their evaluations, and summarize women's empowerment and related gender measures.
resultsOut of 16 evaluation articles, five reported the theoretical or conceptual model that guided the intervention. Twelve described how gender was quantitatively measured and identified 13 women's empowerment and related gender constructs. Gender scales or indexes were used in five evaluations, three of which noted that their scales had been validated. Less than one third of articles reported examining the effect of gender on FP or MH.
conclusionsEvaluations of gender-integrated FP and MH interventions do not consistently describe how gender influences FP and MH outcomes or include validated gender measures within their studies. As a result, examining the pathways through which interventions empower women and the manner in which women's empowerment leads to changes in FP and MH outcomes remains a challenge. Valid measures of commonly reported women's empowerment and gender constructs, such as gender-equitable attitudes and women's decision-making power, must be adapted and used within evaluations to examine how empowerment and improvements in gender-related factors can produce positive FP and MH outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.