ArticleNature communications2017
The microbiota protects against respiratory infection via GM-CSF signaling.
Article in Nature communications, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 242 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
242 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 376 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut microbiome dysbiosis in chronic lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Roles of Gut Microbiota in COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Pooled it
- Gut-lung axis and microbiome alterations in mycobacterial infections: from pathogenesis to therapeutic potential.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota-driven IL-17A production by hepatic γδ T cells enhances neutrophil defense against systemicVirulence · 2026Article
- The role of the respiratory microbiome in acute and chronic respiratory diseases.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Advances in stroke-associated pneumonia in the era of revascularization therapy.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Review
- Gut microbiota in health and disease.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Distinct Basal Gut Microbiota Profiles Are Associated with Strain-Specific Lung Responses toBiology · 2026Article
- The gut-lung axis in early life: microbiome-associated mechanisms and clinical relevance.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Exploring community-level gut health amidst COVID-19 pandemic: a proposed application of longitudinal wastewater surveillance.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
- Respiratory Microbiome Remodeling in Aging: Implications for Immunosenescence and Therapeutic Intervention.Immune network · 2026Review
- Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Compartmentalization in Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- d-amino acids restrain macrophage IL-1β release through gasdermin D acetylation.Science advances · 2026Article
- The intestinal microbiota impacts nutritional immunity and resistance toProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Antibiotic-induced microbiota disruption impairs neutrophil-mediated immunity to respiratorymBio · 2026Article
- Collaboration of the symbiotic microbiome and host genome during the high altitude adaptation of chickens.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Amoxicillin induces gut dysbiosis leading to long term suppression of type-17 immune tone in the lungs.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Orally Administered Porcine Intestinal Lactobacilli Improve the Respiratory Innate Immune Response AgainstAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
182 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The microbiota promotes resistance to respiratory infection, but the mechanistic basis for this is poorly defined. Here, we identify members of the microbiota that protect against respiratory infection by the major human pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. We show that the microbiota enhances respiratory defenses via granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling, which stimulates pathogen killing and clearance by alveolar macrophages through extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. Increased pulmonary GM-CSF production in response to infection is primed by the microbiota through interleukin-17A. By combining models of commensal colonization in antibiotic-treated and germ-free mice, using cultured commensals from the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria phyla, we found that potent Nod-like receptor-stimulating bacteria in the upper airway (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and intestinal microbiota (Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus crispatus and Clostridium orbiscindens) promote resistance to lung infection through Nod2 and GM-CSF. Our data reveal the identity, location, and properties of bacteria within the microbiota that regulate lung immunity, and delineate the host signaling axis they activate to protect against respiratory infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.