ArticlemBio2017
Induction of Antiviral Immune Response through Recognition of the Repeating Subunit Pattern of Viral Capsids Is Toll-Like Receptor 2 Dependent.
Article in mBio, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- AFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Harnessing multifunctional HBc virus-like particles for safe and effective delivery of melittin in cancer therapy.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Article
- A replicon-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate delivered by tobacco mosaic virus-like particles.Vaccine · 2025Article
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- Recognition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophage Toll-like receptor and its role in autophagy.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2024Review
- Lytic bacteriophages induce the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines from human respiratory epithelial cells.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Lytic bacteriophages interact with respiratory epithelial cells and induce the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Immunomodulatory Peptides as Vaccine Adjuvants and Antimicrobial Agents.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Antigen self-anchoring onto bacteriophage T5 capsid-like particles for vaccine design.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Modifying immune responses to adeno-associated virus vectors by capsid engineering.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Unusual global outbreak of monkeypox: what should we do?Frontiers of medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Mechanisms of cellular and humoral immunity through the lens of VLP-based vaccines.Expert review of vaccines · 2022Review
- Interferon responses to norovirus infections: current and future perspectives.The Journal of general virology · 2021Review
- Cowpea mosaic virus stimulates antitumor immunity through recognition by multiple MYD88-dependent toll-like receptors.Biomaterials · 2021Article
- Nonthermal plasma as part of a novel strategy for vaccination.Plasma processes and polymers (Print) · 2020Review
- The unique potency of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)Biomaterials science · 2020Article
- Phages in the fight against COVID-19?Future microbiology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Retracted
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although viruses and viral capsids induce rapid immune responses, little is known about viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are exhibited on their surface. Here, we demonstrate that the repeating protein subunit pattern common to most virus capsids is a molecular pattern that induces a Toll-like-receptor-2 (TLR2)-dependent antiviral immune response. This early antiviral immune response regulates the clearance of subsequent bacterial superinfections, which are a primary cause of morbidities associated with influenza virus infections. Utilizing this altered susceptibility to subsequent bacterial challenge as an outcome, we determined that multiple unrelated, empty, and replication-deficient capsids initiated early TLR2-dependent immune responses, similar to intact influenza virus or murine pneumovirus. These TLR2-mediated responses driven by the capsid were not dependent upon the capsid's shape, size, origin, or amino acid sequence. However, they were dependent upon the multisubunit arrangement of the capsid proteins, because unlike intact capsids, individual capsid subunits did not enhance bacterial clearance. Further, we demonstrated that even a linear microfilament protein built from repeating protein subunits (F-actin), but not its monomer (G-actin), induced similar kinetics of subsequent bacterial clearance as did virus capsid. However, although capsids and F-actin induced similar bacterial clearance, in macrophages they required distinct TLR2 heterodimers for this response (TLR2/6 or TLR2/1, respectively) and different phagocyte populations were involved in the execution of these responses
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.