ArticleeNeuro
Problems and Progress regarding Sex Bias and Omission in Neuroscience Research.
Article in eNeuro. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Tendinopathy: sex bias starts from the preclinical development of tendon treatments. A systematic review.Biology of sex differences · 2022Pooled it
- Examination of Sex-Specific Participant Inclusion in Exercise Physiology Endothelial Function Research: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Pooled it
- Importance of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Animal Studies: Challenges for Animal-to-Human Translation.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2020Pooled it
- Empirical assessment of changing sample-characteristics in task-fMRI over two decades: An example from gustatory and food studies.Human brain mapping · 2020Pooled it
- One-week escitalopram intake alters the excitation-inhibition balance in the healthy female brain.Human brain mapping · 2022Trial
- Modulation of premotor cortex response to sequence motor learning during escitalopram intake.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2021Trial
- Application of Machine Learning Models to Identify Differences in Neural Electrophysiological Properties Across Estrous Cycle Phases.Neuroinformatics · 2026Article
- Large-scale automated detection reveals pervasive sex imbalance in biomedical research.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Nucleus accumbens medial shell D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons signal the valence of conditioned stimuli in a sex-dependent manner.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Functional KCC2 expression marks an evolutionarily conserved population of early-maturing interneurons in the perinatal cortex.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Balancing ethics and statistics: machine learning facilitates highly accurate classification of mice according to their trait anxiety with reduced sample sizes.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Neuron soma size and density measurements in rat striatal regions disaggregated by sex and estrous cycle phase.Brain structure & function · 2025Article
- The Sex Inclusive Research Framework to address sex bias in preclinical research proposals.Nature communications · 2025Review
- Volumetric Changes in Cerebellar Transverse Zones: Age and Sex Effects in Health and Neurological Disorders.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
- The microbiome as a modulator of neurological health across the maternal-offspring interface.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Effects of sex and estrous cycle on action-outcome contingencies.Behavioural brain research · 2025Article
- Considering the interconnected nature of social identities in neuroimaging research.Nature neuroscience · 2025Review
- Influence of biological sex on neuroinflammatory dynamics in the aging brain.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Review
- Idiosyncrasy and generalizability of contraceptive- and hormone-related functional connectomes across the menstrual cycle.Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Unraveling sex differences in maternal and paternal care impacts on social behaviors and neurobiological responses to early-life adversity.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2025Review
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Neuroscience research has historically ignored female animals. This neglect comes in two general forms. The first is sex bias, defined as favoring one sex over another; in this case, male over female. The second is sex omission, which is the lack of reporting sex. The recognition of this phenomenon has generated fierce debate across the sciences. Here we test whether sex bias and omission are still present in the neuroscience literature, whether studies employing both males and females neglect sex as an experimental variable, and whether sex bias and omission differs between animal models and journals. To accomplish this, we analyzed the largest-ever number of neuroscience articles for sex bias and omission: 6636 articles using mice or rats in 6 journals published from 2010 to 2014. Sex omission is declining, as increasing numbers of articles report sex. Sex bias remains present, as increasing numbers of articles report the sole use of males. Articles using both males and females are also increasing, but few report assessing sex as an experimental variable. Sex bias and omission varies substantially by animal model and journal. These findings are essential for understanding the complex status of sex bias and omission in neuroscience research and may inform effective decisions regarding policy action.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.