Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29130114›Full record

SynthesisDiabetologia2018

Workplace bullying and violence as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a multicohort study and meta-analysis.

Tianwei Xu, Linda L Magnusson Hanson, Theis Lange, Liis Starkopf, Hugo Westerlund, Ida E H Madsen, Reiner Rugulies, Jaana Pentti, Sari Stenholm, Jussi Vahtera and 3 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Diabetologia, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
34citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
29.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Risk Factors for Workplace Bullying: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019
    Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Observational
  7. Workplace violence: A complex challenge demanding a systemic response.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2025
    Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Dilemmas and Repercussions of Workplace Violence against Emergency Nurses: A Qualitative Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors at 5 institutions in 5 countries.

Tianwei XuSection of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 160, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark. tixu@sund.ku.dk.
Linda L Magnusson HansonStress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Frescati hagväg 16, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden. linda.hanson@su.se.
Theis LangeSection of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Liis StarkopfSection of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hugo WesterlundStress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Frescati hagväg 16, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
Ida E H MadsenNational Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Reiner RuguliesSection of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 160, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jaana PenttiDepartment of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Sari StenholmDepartment of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Jussi VahteraDepartment of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Åse M HansenSection of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 160, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Mika KivimäkiFinnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Tampere and Turku, Finland.
Naja H RodSection of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Gothersgade 160, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark.
University of Copenhagen · DKUniversity of Turku · FINational Research Centre for the Working Environment · DKStockholm University · SEUniversity of Helsinki · FI

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/K013351/1NordForsk 75021
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisThe aim of this multicohort study was to examine whether employees exposed to social stressors at work, such as workplace bullying and violence, have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

methodsThe study included 45,905 men and women (40-65 years of age and free of diabetes at baseline) from four studies in Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Workplace bullying and violence were self-reported at baseline. Incident diabetes was ascertained through national health and medication records and death registers. Marginal structural Cox models adjusted for age, sex, country of birth, marital status and educational level were used for the analyses.

resultsNine per cent of the population reported being bullied at work and 12% were exposed to workplace violence or threats of violence. Bullied participants had a 1.46 (95% CI 1.23, 1.74) times higher risk of developing diabetes compared with non-bullied participants. Exposure to violence or threats of violence was also associated with a higher risk of diabetes (HR 1.26 [95% CI 1.02, 1.56]). The risk estimates attenuated slightly when taking BMI into account, especially for bullying. The results were similar for men and women, and were consistent across cohorts. CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationWe found a higher risk of incident type 2 diabetes among employees exposed to bullying or violence in the workplace. Further research is needed to determine whether policies to reduce bullying and violence at work may reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in working populations. Research on the mechanisms is also highly warranted.

Indexed as

AgedBullyingDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedOccupational HealthProportional Hazards ModelsRisk FactorsViolenceWorkplaceBullyingDiabetesMeta-analysisOccupational healthStressViolenceWorkplace

Identifiers

PMID29130114
PMCPMC6005336
OpenAlexW2767928048

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.