ReviewDevelopmental cognitive neuroscience2018
Making an unknown unknown a known unknown: Missing data in longitudinal neuroimaging studies.
Review in Developmental cognitive neuroscience, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Community-based smoking cessation treatment for adults with high anxiety sensitivity: a randomized clinical trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Trial
- Differential adolescent neurodevelopment of emotion processing across internalizing psychopathology and childhood adversity.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- The longitudinal structure of cognition in the ABCD study and associations with neural function and psychopathology: A Bayesian probabilistic principal components analysis.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2026Article
- Dense longitudinal neuroimaging reveals individual brain change trajectories.Trends in cognitive sciences · 2026Review
- Feasibility of a Digital Coaching Program for Improving Mental Well-Being and Emotional Intelligence: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Missing data approaches for longitudinal neuroimaging research: Examples from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2025Review
- Oscillatory But Not Aperiodic Frontal Brain Activity Predicts the Development of Executive Control From Infancy to Toddlerhood.Developmental science · 2025Article
- Eye-tracking measurement of attention bias to social threat among youth: A replication and extension study.Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · 2024Article
- Metadata-conditioned generative models to synthesize anatomically-plausible 3D brain MRIs.Medical image analysis · 2024Article
- Identifying factors impacting missingness within smartphone-based research: Implications for intensive longitudinal studies of adolescent suicidal thoughts and behaviors.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2024Article
- Visuo-Cognitive Phenotypes in Early Multiple Sclerosis: A Multisystem Model of Visual Processing.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- A precision neuroscience approach to estimating reliability of neural responses during emotion processing: Implications for task-fMRI.NeuroImage · 2024Article
- Neural electrophysiological correlates of detection and identification awareness.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2023Article
- Development of Neural Mechanisms Underlying Threat Processing: Associations With Childhood Social Reticence and Adolescent Anxiety.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2023Article
- Mobile fNIRS for exploring inter-brain synchrony across generations and time.Frontiers in neuroergonomics · 2023Article
- Electrophysiological correlates of in vivo and virtual reality exposure therapy in spider phobia.Psychophysiology · 2022Article
- Language development as a mechanism linking socioeconomic status to executive functioning development in preschool.Developmental science · 2022Article
- A practical guide for researchers and reviewers using the ABCD Study and other large longitudinal datasets.Developmental cognitive neuroscience · 2022Article
- Multimethod assessment of pubertal timing and associations with internalizing psychopathology in early adolescent girls.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2022Article
- Significant reduction in depressive symptoms among patients with moderately-severe to severe depressive symptoms after participation in a therapist-supported, evidence-based mobile health program delivered via a smartphone app.Internet interventions · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedErratum.2020
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The analysis of longitudinal neuroimaging data within the massively univariate framework provides the opportunity to study empirical questions about neurodevelopment. Missing outcome data are an all-to-common feature of any longitudinal study, a feature that, if handled improperly, can reduce statistical power and lead to biased parameter estimates. The goal of this paper is to provide conceptual clarity of the issues and non-issues that arise from analyzing incomplete data in longitudinal studies with particular focus on neuroimaging data. This paper begins with a review of the hierarchy of missing data mechanisms and their relationship to likelihood-based methods, a review that is necessary not just for likelihood-based methods, but also for multiple-imputation methods. Next, the paper provides a series of simulation studies with designs common in longitudinal neuroimaging studies to help illustrate missing data concepts regardless of interpretation. Finally, two applied examples are used to demonstrate the sensitivity of inferences under different missing data assumptions and how this may change the substantive interpretation. The paper concludes with a set of guidelines for analyzing incomplete longitudinal data that can improve the validity of research findings in developmental neuroimaging research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.