ArticleDiabetologia2018
Associations between birthweight, gestational age at birth and subsequent type 1 diabetes in children under 12: a retrospective cohort study in England, 1998-2012.
Article in Diabetologia, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- How Do the Different Types of Maternal Diabetes during Pregnancy Influence Offspring Outcomes?Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- The Association Between High Birth Weight and Long-Term Outcomes-Implications for Assisted Reproductive Technologies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Birthweight and cardiometabolic risk factors in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Adults Born Preterm: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Gestational diabetes and parental type 2 diabetes as risk indicators for type 1 diabetes in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- An analysis of epidemiological characteristics of microvascular complications and comorbidities among type 1 diabetes patients.Acta biochimica Polonica · 2025Article
- Long-term health outcomes of preterm birth: a narrative review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Gestational age at birth and type 1 diabetes in childhood and young adulthood: a nationwide register study in Finland, Norway and Sweden.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Leptin and IGF-1 in Infancy Are Associated With Variants in DHCR7 and CYP2R1 That Relate With Type 1 Diabetes and 25OHD.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2023Article
- Associations of maternal preterm birth with subsequent risk for type 2 diabetes in women from the women's health initiative.Journal of developmental origins of health and disease · 2023Article
- Predicting the development of T1D and identifying its Key Performance Indicators in children; a case-control study in Saudi Arabia.PloS one · 2023Article
- Preventable Prenatal and Neonatal Risk Factors of Type 1 Diabetes in Childhood.International journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Obesity in late adolescence and incident type 1 diabetes in young adulthood.Diabetologia · 2022Article
- Prenatal and early life factors and type 1 diabetes.Endocrine · 2022Article
- Prenatal Betamethasone Exposure and its Impact on Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Preliminary Study in a Spanish Cohort.Journal of diabetes research · 2022Article
- Postnatal Expression Profile of MicroRNAs Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases in 3- to 11-Year-Old Preterm-Born Children.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Size for gestational age affects the risk for type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: a Swedish national case-control study.Diabetologia · 2021Article
- Environmental Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes: From Association to Proving Causality.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Preterm Birth and Birth Weight and the Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Chinese Children.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Article
- Type 1 diabetes can present before the age of 6 months and is characterised by autoimmunity and rapid loss of beta cells.Diabetologia · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisWith genetics thought to explain only 40-50% of the total risk of type 1 diabetes, environmental risk factors in early life have been proposed. Previous findings from studies of type 1 diabetes incidence by birthweight and gestational age at birth have been inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between birthweight, gestational age at birth and subsequent type 1 diabetes in England.
methodsData were obtained from a population-based database comprising linked mother-infant pairs using English national Hospital Episode Statistics from 1998 to 2012. In total, 3,834,405 children, categorised by birthweight and gestational age at birth, were followed up through record linkage to compare their incidence of type 1 diabetes through calculation of multivariable-adjusted HRs.
resultsOut of 3,834,405 children, 2969 had a subsequent hospital diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in childhood. Children born preterm (<37 weeks) or early term (37-38 weeks) experienced significantly higher incidence of type 1 diabetes than full term children (39-40 weeks) (HR 1.19 [95% CI 1.03, 1.38] and 1.27 [95% CI 1.16, 1.39], respectively). Children born at higher than average birthweight (3500-3999 g or 4000-5499 g) after controlling for gestational age experienced higher incidence of type 1 diabetes than children born at medium birthweight (3000-3499 g) (HR 1.13 [95% CI 1.03, 1.23] and 1.16 [95% CI 1.02, 1.31], respectively), while children at low birthweight (<2500 g) experienced lower incidence (0.81 [95% CI 0.67, 0.98]), signifying a statistically significant trend (p trend 0.001). CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationHigh birthweight for gestational age and low gestational age at birth are both independently associated with subsequent type 1 diabetes. These findings help contextualise the debate about the potential role of gestational and early life environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, including the potential roles of insulin sensitivity and gut microbiota.
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