Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29128086›Full record

SynthesisAnnals of epidemiology2017

Delayed presentation and diagnosis of breast cancer in African women: a systematic review.

Carolina Espina, Fiona McKenzie, Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Annals of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
108citing papers in PubMed, 14 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

108 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Carolina EspinaInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France. Electronic address: espinac@iarc.fr.
Fiona McKenzieInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Isabel Dos-Santos-SilvaDepartment of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.

Funding

World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeAfrica has low breast cancer incidence rates but high mortality rates from this disease due to poor survival. Delays in presentation and diagnosis are major determinants of breast cancer survival, but these have not been comprehensively investigated in Africa.

methodsMEDLINE, Embase, and Global Health were searched to identify studies reporting on delays in presentation and/or diagnosis of breast cancer published between January 1, 2000 and May 31, 2016. Data were synthesized in narrative, tabular, and graphical forms. Meta-analyses were not possible due to between-study differences in the way delays were reported.

resultsTwenty-one studies were included in the review. Study-specific average times between symptom recognition and presentation to a health care provider ranged from less than 1 to 4 months in North Africa and from less than 3 to greater than 6 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Study-specific average times from presentation to diagnosis were less than 1 month in North Africa but ranged from less than 3 to greater than 6 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Reported reasons for these delays included patient-mediated (e.g., socioeconomic factors) and health system-mediated factors (e.g., referral pathways).

conclusionsThis systematic review revealed marked delays in presentation and diagnosis of breast cancer in Africa. Identification of their drivers is crucial to the development of appropriate control strategies in the continent.

Indexed as

Delayed DiagnosisHealth Services AccessibilityAfrica South of the SaharaBlack PeopleBreast NeoplasmsFemaleHumansReferral and ConsultationSocioeconomic FactorsTime FactorsWomen's HealthAfricaBreast cancerDelayed diagnosisDelayed presentationLate-stage breast cancer

Identifiers

PMID29128086
PMCPMC5697496

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.