ArticleNature communications2017
Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice.
Article in Nature communications, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05762367 (MR Lymphatic Imaging in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension), which is not on this map. Cited by 441 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
MR Lymphatic Imaging in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Who cites it
441 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 694 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain lymphatic drainage pathways, deep cervical lymphatic surgery, and current insights: A systematic review.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Pooled it
- Therapeutic Modulation of Meningeal Lymphatics: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Evidence Across Neurological Disorders.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Pooled it
- Role of meningeal lymphatic vessels in brain homeostasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- New trends in brain tumor immunity with the opportunities of lymph nodes targeted drug delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Pooled it
- Cerebrospinal fluid and dural accumulation of α-synuclein impairs CNS clearance in Parkinson's disease.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- The glymphatic-lymphatic axis: known pathways, open questions, and emerging roles in neurodegeneration.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Article
- Evaluating the effects of aging on distribution and gene silencing activity of lipid-siRNA conjugates delivered into cerebrospinal fluid.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Novel Therapeutic Insights Into Alzheimer's Disease: Glymphatic System and Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels.Aging cell · 2026Review
- Central nervous system lymphatic network: from the maintenance of brain homeostasis to emerging therapeutic perspectives in neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Author Correction: A route for cerebrospinal fluid flow through leptomeningeal arterial-venous overlaps enables macromolecule and fluid shunting.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Lymphatic Drainage of Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Lymph Node Seeker 64Cu-Labeled Gram-Negative Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles With Positron Emission Tomography (PET).Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Article
- The Glymphatic System and Neurosurgery: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Current Concepts and Future Directions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Meningeal lymphatic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, and future perspectives.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- The Cribriform Plate: A Multifaceted Neuroimmune Hub in CNS Health and Disease.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Disrupted drainage in the aging brain: Meningeal lymphatic decline as a convergent axis of vulnerability.Neurobiology of aging · 2026Review
- Rapid Tissue-CSF Water Exchange in the Human Brain Revealed by Magnetization Transfer Indirect Spin Labeling.Magnetic resonance in medicine · 2026Article
- Mapping subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the human brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
381 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been commonly accepted to drain through arachnoid projections from the subarachnoid space to the dural venous sinuses. However, a lymphatic component to CSF outflow has long been known. Here, we utilize lymphatic-reporter mice and high-resolution stereomicroscopy to characterize the anatomical routes and dynamics of outflow of CSF. After infusion into a lateral ventricle, tracers spread into the paravascular spaces of the pia mater and cortex of the brain. Tracers also rapidly reach lymph nodes using perineural routes through foramina in the skull. Using noninvasive imaging techniques that can quantify the transport of tracers to the blood and lymph nodes, we find that lymphatic vessels are the major outflow pathway for both large and small molecular tracers in mice. A significant decline in CSF lymphatic outflow is found in aged compared to young mice, suggesting that the lymphatic system may represent a target for age-associated neurological conditions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.