ArticlePublic health nutrition2018
Monitoring the South African population's salt intake: spot urine v. 24 h urine.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Population-level salt intake in the WHO European Region in 2022: a systematic review.Public health nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (April to October 2018).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Pooled it
- The association of urinary sodium with incident apparent treatment resistant hypertension among African Americans: findings from the Jackson Heart Study.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- Estimating sodium and potassium intakes in a Portuguese adult population: can first-morning void urine replace 24-hour urine samples?Journal of nutritional science · 2025Article
- Validation of a short food group questionnaire to determine intakes from healthy and unhealthy food groups in 5-9-year-old South African children.Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2024Article
- Is a spot urine sample a good substitution to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion in a population ≥ 50 years old? A validation study.European journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Dietary sodium estimation methods: accuracy and limitations of old and new methods in individuals at high cardiovascular risk.Public health nutrition · 2022Article
- Young Adults with Higher Salt Intake Have Inferior Hydration Status: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Dietary sodium and potassium intake: knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards dietary salt intake among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2021Article
- Article
- Assessment and validation of spot urine in estimating the 24-h urinary sodium, potassium, and sodium/potassium ratio in Chinese adults.Journal of human hypertension · 2020Article
- Prediction of 24-hour sodium excretion from spot urine samples in South African adults: a comparison of four equations.Journal of human hypertension · 2020Article
- The International Consortium for Quality Research on Dietary Sodium/Salt (TRUE) position statement on the use of 24-hour, spot, and short duration (<24 hours) timed urine collections to assess dietary sodium intake.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Article
- The Science of Salt: Updating the evidence on global estimates of salt intake.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Review
- The importance of a valid assessment of salt intake in individuals and populations. A scientific statement of the British and Irish Hypertension Society.Journal of human hypertension · 2019Article
- The African Prospective study on the Early Detection and Identification of Cardiovascular disease and Hypertension (African-PREDICT): Design, recruitment and initial examination.European journal of preventive cardiology · 2019Observational
- Evaluating population salt reduction programmes worldwide: the risk of cutting corners!Public health nutrition · 2018Article
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Abstract
objectiveThe present study set out to determine whether morning spot urine samples can be used to monitor Na (and K) intake levels in South Africa, instead of the 'gold standard' 24 h urine sample.
designParticipants collected one 24 h and one spot urine sample for Na and K analysis, after which estimations using three different formulas (Kawasaki, Tanaka and INTERSALT) were calculated.
settingBetween 2013 and 2015, urine samples were collected from different population groups in South Africa. SUBJECTS: A total of 681 spot and 24 h urine samples were collected from white (n 259), black (n 315) and Indian (n 107) subgroups, mostly women.
resultsThe Kawasaki and the Tanaka formulas showed significantly higher (P≤0·001) estimated Na values than the measured 24 h excretion in the whole population (5677·79 and 4235·05 v. 3279·19 mg/d). The INTERSALT formula did not differ from the measured 24 h excretion for the whole population. The Kawasaki formula seemed to overestimate Na excretion in all subgroups tested and also showed the highest degree of bias (-2242 mg/d, 95 % CI-10 659, 6175) compared with the INTERSALT formula, which had the lowest bias (161 mg/d, 95 % CI-4038, 4360).
conclusionsEstimations of Na excretion by the three formulas should be used with caution when reporting on Na intake levels. More research is needed to validate and develop a specific formula for the South African context with its different population groups. The WHO's recommendation of using 24 h urine collection until more studies are carried out is still supported.
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