ArticleSSM - population health2017
Built Environment and Active Commuting: Rural-Urban Differences in the U.S.
Article in SSM - population health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Built and natural environment correlates of physical activity of adults living in rural areas: a systematic review.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024Pooled it
- Projecting the Influence of Global Warming on Physical Activity Patterns: a Systematic Review.Current obesity reports · 2020Pooled it
- Environmental determinants of population health in urban settings. A systematic review.BMC public health · 2020Pooled it
- Association between walkability and diverse health metrics: moderating role of social vulnerability.Journal of healthy eating and active living · 2026Article
- Objectively-measured Environmental Support for Physical Activity, Healthy Eating, and Breastfeeding in the Rural United States: A Scoping Review to Inform Opportunities for Public Health Surveillance.Journal of healthy eating and active living · 2025Article
- Subjectively-measured Environmental Support for Physical Activity, Healthy Eating, and Breastfeeding in the Rural United States: A Scoping Review to Inform Opportunities for Public Health Surveillance.Journal of healthy eating and active living · 2025Article
- Ecological Momentary Assessment of Momentary Associations Between Availability of Physical Activity Space and Physical Activity Opportunities Among Children from Rural, Urban, and Suburban Locales.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity, Fitness and Indicators of Cardiometabolic Risk among Rural Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study at 15-Year Follow-up of the MINIMat Cohort.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- Assessing the association between food environment and dietary inflammation by community type: a cross-sectional REGARDS study.International journal of health geographics · 2023Article
- The role of the perceived environment for recreational walking among adults in socioeconomically disadvantaged situations: A study using walk-along interviews.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Urban-rural disparities in childhood obesogenic environments in the United States: Application of differing rural definitions.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2023Article
- Social Inequalities in the Association between Social Infrastructure and Mental Health: An Observational Cross-Sectional Analysis of Children and Adolescents in Germany.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Observational
- Cost of Living Variation, Nonmetropolitan America, and Implications for the Supplemental Poverty Measure.Population research and policy review · 2022Article
- Categorizing community type for epidemiologic evaluation of community factors and chronic disease across the United States.Social sciences & humanities open · 2022Article
- Rural-Urban Disparities In All-Cause Mortality Among Low-Income Medicare Beneficiaries, 2004-17.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2021Article
- HPV Vaccination Coverage Among US Teens Across the Rural-Urban Continuum.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2019Article
- Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the active commuting behaviors of U.S. Department of the Interior employees.BMC public health · 2019Article
- A scoping review of simulation modeling in built environment and physical activity research: Current status, gaps, and future directions for improving translation.Health & place · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate rural-urban differences in participation rates in three modes of active commuting (AC) and their built environmental correlates. The 2010 Census supplemented with other datasets were used to analyze AC rates in percent of workers age 16+ walking, biking, or taking public transportation to work in 70,172 Census tracts, including 12,844 rural and 57,328 urban. Random-intercept factional logit regressions were used to account for zero-inflated data and for clustering of tracts within counties. We found that the average AC rates were 3.44% rural and 2.77% urban (p<0.01) for walking to work, 0.40% rural and 0.58% urban (p<0.01) for biking to work, and 0.59% rural and 5.86% urban (p<0.01) for public transportation to work. Some environmental variables had similar relationships with AC in rural and urban tracts, such as a negative association between tract greenness and prevalence of walking to work. Others had opposite correlational directions for rural vs. urban, such as street connectivity for walking to work and population density for both walking to work and public transportation to work. We concluded that rurality is an important moderator in AC-environment relationships. In developing strategies to promote AC, attention needs to be paid to rural-urban differences to avoid unintended consequences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.