ArticleParasites & vectors2017
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Encephalitozoon sp. spores and their developmental stages.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Microsporidia in Rodents-Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Article
- Comparison of histologic methods for the detection ofJournal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc · 2020Article
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9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundMicrosporidia are intracellular obligate parasites traditionally associated with immunosuppressed patients; their detection in immunocompetent patients has increased, highlighting their possible importance as emerging pathogens. Detection of spores in stools, urine, body fluids and tissues is difficult and immunological techniques such as immunofluorescence have proved to be a useful and reliable tool in the diagnosis of human microsporidiosis. For this reason, we have produced and characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for Encephalitozoon intestinalis (the second most frequent microsporidian infecting humans), and other Encephalitozoon species, that can be used in different diagnostic techniques.
resultsSeven MAbs were selected in accordance with their optical density (OD). Four (4C4, 2C2, 2E5 and 2H2) were isotype IgG2a; two (3A5 and 3C9) isotype IgG3, and one Mab, 1D7, IgM isotype. The selected monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridomas were characterized by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunoelectron microscopy (Immunogold) and in vitro cultures. The study by IFAT showed different behavior depending on the MAbs studied. The MAbs 4C4, 2C2, 2E5 and 2H2 showed reactivity against epitopes in the wall of the spore (exospore and endospore) epitopes located in Encephalitozoon sp. spores, whereas the MAbs 3A5, 1D7 and 3C9 showed reactivity against internal epitopes (cytoplasmic contents or sporoplasm) of E. intestinalis spores. All MAbs recognized the developing parasites in the in vitro cultures of E. intestinalis. Additionally, 59 formalin-fixed stool samples that had been previously analyzed were screened, with 26 (44%) presenting microsporidian spores (18 samples with E. intestinalis and 8 samples with Enterocytozoon bieneusi). Detection of microsporidian spores by microscopy was performed using Calcofluor stain, Modified Trichrome, Quick-Hot Gram Chromotrope, as well as IFAT using MAbs 4C4, 2C2, 2E5 and 2H2. The 4 MAbs tested clearly recognized the larger spores corresponding to E. intestinalis, but showed no reactivity with Enterocytozoon bieneusi spores. The mass spectrometry and proteomic study revealed that the Mabs 4C4, 2C2, 2E5 and 2H2 recognized the Spore Wall Protein 1 (SWP1) as the antigenic target.
conclusionsThe IFAT-positive MAbs exhibited excellent reactivity against spores and developmental stages, permitting their use in human and animal diagnosis. The epitopes recognized (exospore, endospore and cytoplasmic contents) by the different MAbs developed need further study, and may reveal potential targets for vaccine development, immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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