ArticlePloS one2017
From nerves to brain to gastrointestinal tract: A time-based study of parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2) pathogenesis in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular detection and characterization of Parrot Bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) in captive psittacine birds in India.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- An Assessment of Anti-Ganglioside Antibodies for the Diagnosis of Avian Ganglioneuritis and Potential Correlation with Gross Lesions, Microscopic Findings and Serologic Titers in Cockatiels Challenged with Parrot Bornavirus.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Occurrence of bornaviruses, circoviruses and polyomaviruses in necropsy samples from parrots in Poland (2014-2024).Journal of veterinary research · 2026Article
- Use of Cyclosporine and Itraconazole as Palliative Treatment for Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittacine Birds.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Distribution of lesions in psittacine birds naturally infected with parrot bornavirus in Japan.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2024Article
- Surveillance of Parrot Bornavirus in Taiwan CaptiveViruses · 2024Article
- Genetic trends in parrot Bornavirus: a clinical analysis.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2024Article
- Experimental pathogenesis of aquatic bird bornavirus 1 in Pekin ducks.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Tissue Distribution of Parrot Bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) in Experimentally Infected Young and Adult Cockatiels (Viruses · 2022Article
- Experimental infection of aquatic bird bornavirus in Muscovy ducks.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Avian Bornavirus Research-A Comprehensive Review.Viruses · 2022Review
- Seeing beyond a Dilated Proventriculus: Diagnostic Tools for Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittacine Birds.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
- Clinical Management of Avian Renal Disease.The veterinary clinics of North America. Exotic animal practice · 2020Review
- Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis: Current Debates and Unanswered Questions.Veterinary medicine international · 2020Review
- Article
- Distribution of zoonotic variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 in naturally infected variegated and Prevost's squirrels.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Treatment With Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Fails To Ameliorate Pathology In Cockatiels Experimentally Infected With Parrot Bornavirus-2.Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2019Article
- Comparison Of Four Anti-Avian IgY Secondary Antibodies Used In Western Blot And Dot-Blot ELISA To Detect Avian Bornavirus Antibodies In Four Different Bird Species.Veterinary medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) are the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease, however key aspects of its pathogenesis, such as route of infection, viral spread and distribution, and target cells remain unclear. Our study aimed to track the viral spread and lesion development at 5, 10, 20, 25, 35, 40, 60, 80, 95 and 114 dpi using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR. After intramuscular inoculation of parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2) in the pectoral muscle of cockatiels, this virus was first detected in macrophages and lymphocytes in the inoculation site and adjacent nerves, then reached the brachial plexus, centripetally spread to the thoracic segment of the spinal cord, and subsequently invaded the other spinal segments and brain. After reaching the central nervous system (CNS), PaBV-2 centrifugally spread out the CNS to the ganglia in the gastrointestinal (GI) system, adrenal gland, heart, and kidneys. At late points of infection, PaBV-2 was not only detected in nerves and ganglia but widespread in the smooth muscle and/or scattered epithelial cells of tissues such as crop, intestines, proventriculus, kidneys, skin, and vessels. Despite the hallmark lesion of PaBVs infection being the dilation of the proventriculus, our results demonstrate PaBV-2 first targets the CNS, before migrating to peripheral tissues such as the GI system.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.