ArticlePloS one2017
The pacing strategy and technique of male cross-country skiers with different levels of performance during a 15-km classical race.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Physiological responses and cycle characteristics during double-poling versus diagonal-stride roller-skiing in junior cross-country skiers.European journal of applied physiology · 2021Trial
- Exercise-induced trunk fatigue decreases double poling performance in well-trained cross-country skiers.European journal of applied physiology · 2018Trial
- Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Review
- Enhancing speed and efficiency: biomechanical variation in maximal speed double poling among different performance level cross-country skiers.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Micro-pacing and performance determinants in skiathlon: linking speed profiles, sub-technique selection, and cycle characteristics.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Age category-related differences in pacing during biathlon sprint competition.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- How does pole length affect lower back muscle activity at different inclines and skiing intensities during double poling?Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- The role of external power demand on the choice of technique in classic cross-country skiing.PloS one · 2023Article
- Characteristics of Pacing Strategies among Elite Cross-Country Skiers According to Final Rank.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Modern Double-Poling Technique Is Not More Energy Efficient Than the Old-Fashioned Double-Poling Technique at a Submaximal Work Intensity.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
- The Value of Meteorological Data in Optimizing the Pattern of Physical Load-A Forecast Model of Rowing Pacing Strategy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Framework for In-Field Analyses of Performance and Sub-Technique Selection in Standing Para Cross-Country Skiers.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The Effects of Sub-Technique and Pole Length on Classic Roller Skiing Performance and Physiological Responses at Steep Uphill Inclination.Journal of human kinetics · 2021Article
- The role of incline, speed and work rate on the choice of technique in classical roller skiing.PloS one · 2020Article
- Article
- Pacing, Exercise Intensity, and Technique by Performance Level in Long-Distance Cross-Country Skiing.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
- Sex-based differences in sub-technique selection during an international classical cross-country skiing competition.PloS one · 2020Article
- Ski Skating Race Technique-Effect of Long Distance Cross-Country Ski Racing on Choice of Skating Technique in Moderate Uphill Terrain.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2020Article
- Cross-Country Skiing Analysis and Ski Technique Detection by High-Precision Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite System.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing.European journal of applied physiology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this study the pacing strategy, cycle characteristics and choice of technique of elite male cross-country (XC) skiers during a three-lap, 15-km classical race with interval start were measured. During the Norwegian Championships in 2016, fast (n = 18, age: 26±4 yr; height: 182±4 cm; body mass: 78±3 kg (means±SD)) and slow skiers (n = 18, age: 22±2 yr; height: 183±5 cm; body mass: 78±6 kg) were video recorded on flat (0°), intermediate (3.5°) and uphill sections (7.1°) of the first and final laps. All skiers adopted a positive pacing strategy, skiing more slowly (11.8%) with shorter cycles (11.7%) on the final than first lap (both p<0.001; pη2 = 0.93 and 0.87, respectively). The fast skiers were 7.0% faster overall (p<0.001, d = 4.20), and 6.1% (p<0.001, d = 3.32) and 7.0% (p<0.001, d = 3.68) faster on the first and final laps, respectively, compared to slower skiers. On all sections of both laps, the fast skiers exhibited 9.5% more rapid (pη2 = 0.74) and 8.9% (pη2 = 0.48) longer cycles (both p<0.001). On intermediate terrain, the fast skiers employed primarily double poling (DP, 38.9% on the first lap) and double poling with a kick (DPKICK, 50% on the final lap). In contrast, the slow skiers utilized for the most part DP alone (lap 1: 33.3%, lap 3: 38.9%) or in combination with other techniques (lap 1: 33.3%, lap 3: 38.9%) and decreased their usage of DPKICK from 27.8% on the first to 16.7% on the final lap. Skiing velocity on flat and intermediate terrain proved to be the best predictor of race performance (p<0.001). In conclusion, during a 15-km classical XC skiing race, velocity and cycle length decreased from the first to the final lap, most extensively on flat terrain and least uphill. Moreover, on the intermediate sections the fast and slow skiers chose to use different techniques.
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