ArticleMalaria journal2017
Malaria vectors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the mechanisms that confer insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus.
Article in Malaria journal, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Larval habitat drives differential selection pressures on genetic insecticide resistance and metabolic enzyme plasticity in Anopheles gambiae s.l during laboratory colonization.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Spatial Heterogeneity ofJournal of parasitology research · 2026Review
- Malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo: how support programs consolidate elimination gains and protect at-risk populations from recrudescence.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Novel insecticide resistance mutations associated with variable PBO synergy in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from the Democratic Republic of Congo.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Validation of reliable reference genes for comparison of gene expression across species in the Anopheles Hyrcanus Group.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Epidemiology of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale spp. in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Evidence of intensification of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vectors in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Malaria among children under 10 years in 4 endemic health areas in Kisantu Health Zone: epidemiology and transmission.Malaria journal · 2023Article
- The in silico and in vitro analysis of donepezil derivatives for Anopheles acetylcholinesterase inhibition.PloS one · 2022Article
- Investigating molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dynamic of the vectorial system and the entomological inoculation rate.Malaria journal · 2021Review
- Variable residual activity of K-Othrine® PolyZone and Actellic® 300 CS in semi-field and natural conditions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- Article
- From Global to Local-New Insights into Features of Pyrethroid Detoxification in Vector Mosquitoes.Insects · 2021Review
- Phenotypic Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae): Specific Characterization of Underlying Resistance Mechanisms Still Matters.Journal of medical entomology · 2021Article
- Malaria rapid diagnostic test (HRP2/pLDH) positivity, incidence, care accessibility and impact of community WASH Action programme in DR Congo: mixed method study involving 625 households.Malaria journal · 2021Article
- The effect of a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets on insecticide resistance and entomological inoculation rates ofThe Pan African medical journal · 2021Article
- Identification of main malaria vectors and their insecticide resistance profile in internally displaced and indigenous communities in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).Malaria journal · 2020Article
- Genetic Diversity of Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaria Transmission Foci in Southern and Central Africa.Journal of medical entomology · 2020Article
- Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and control: a review.Parasites & vectors · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is characterized as a holoendemic malaria area with the main vectors being Anopheles funestus and members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Due to political instability and socio-economic challenges in the region, knowledge of insecticide resistance status and resistance mechanisms in these vectors is limited. Mosquitoes were collected from a mining site in the north-eastern part of the country and, following identification, were subjected to extensive testing for the target-site and biochemical basis of resistance. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess a suite of 10 genes frequently involved in pyrethroid and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance in An. gambiae females and males. In An. funestus, gene expression microarray analysis was carried out on female mosquitoes.
resultsIn both species, deltamethrin resistance was recorded along with high resistance and suspected resistance to DDT in An. gambiae and An. funestus, respectively. A total of 85% of An. gambiae carried the kdr mutations as either homozygous resistant (RR) (L1014S, L1014F or both) or heterozygous (RS), however only 3% carried the rdl mutant allele (RS) and no ace-1 mutations were recorded. Synergist assays indicated a strong role for P450s in deltamethrin resistance in both species. In An. gambiae, analysis of transcription levels showed that the glutathione-S-transferase, GSTS1-2, produced the highest fold change in expression (7.6-fold in females and 31-fold in males) followed by GSTE2, thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX2), and cytochrome oxidases (CYP6M2 and CYP6P1). All other genes tested produced fold change values below 2. Microarray analysis revealed significant over-transcription of cuticular proteins as well as CYP6M7, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b in insecticide resistant An. funestus.
conclusionsThese data show that high levels of deltamethrin resistance in the main malaria vector species, conferred by enzymatic detoxification, are present in the DRC.
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