ArticleJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology2018
Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches.
Article in Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- The use of faecal indicator organisms to manage microbial health risks in recreational waterways not impacted by point sources of sewage: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence.Journal of water and health · 2025Pooled it
- Brevetoxins and emergency department visits among children: A case-crossover study of Florida red tides.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- A Review of Combined Sewer Overflows and Gastrointestinal Illness in a Changing Climate.Current epidemiology reports · 2025Article
- A Review of the Human Health Risks from Microbial Hazards in Recreational Beach Sand.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Canadian beach cohort study: protocol of a prospective study to assess the burden of recreational water illness.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Integrating microbial source tracking with quantitative microbial risk assessment to evaluate site specific risk based thresholds at two South Florida beaches.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Recreational water exposures and illness outcomes at a freshwater beach in Toronto, Canada: A prospective cohort pilot study.PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Estimating Health Risks to Children Associated with Recreational Play on Oil Spill-Contaminated Beaches.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Contamination Scenario Matters when Using Viral and Bacterial Human-Associated Genetic Markers as Indicators of a Health Risk in Untreated Sewage-Impacted Recreational Waters.Environmental science & technology · 2020Article
- Microbial biosensors for recreational and source waters.Journal of microbiological methods · 2020Review
- Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- A critical analysis of recreational water guidelines developed from temperate climate data and applied to the tropics.Water research · 2020Article
- Children Exposure-Related Behavior Patterns and Risk Perception Associated with Recreational Beach Use.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Norovirus Outbreak Associated with Swimming in a Recreational Lake Not Influenced by External Human Fecal Sources in The Netherlands, August 2012.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- Estimate of incidence and cost of recreational waterborne illness on United States surface waters.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Swimming and recreating in lakes, oceans, and rivers is common, yet the literature suggests children may be at greater risk of illness following such exposures. These effects might be due to differences in immunity or differing behavioral factors such as poorer hygiene, longer exposures to, and greater ingestion of potentially contaminated water and sand. We pooled data from 12 prospective cohorts (n=68,685) to examine exposures to potentially contaminated media such as beach water and sand among children compared with adults, and conducted a simulation using self-reported time spent in the water and volume of water swallowed per minute by age to estimate the total volume of water swallowed per swimming event by age category. Children aged 4-7 and 8-12 years had the highest exposures to water, sand, and algae compared with other age groups. Based on our simulation, we found that children (6-12 years) swallow a median of 36 ml (90th percentile=150 ml), whereas adults aged ≥35 years swallow 9 ml (90th percentile=64 ml) per swimming event, with male children swallowing a greater amount of water compared with females. These estimates may help to reduce uncertainty surrounding routes and durations of recreational exposures and can support the development of chemical and microbial risk assessments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.