ArticlePLoS pathogens2017
Fitness cost of reassortment in human influenza.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Host hybridization enabled the emergence of a reassorted hantavirus lineage.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Restriction-modification systems are required forProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Influenza A(H3N2) Subclade K (J.2.4.1): Molecular Characterization, Antigenic Divergence, and Global Spread During the 2025/26 Season.Infectious disease reports · 2026Article
- The bovine mammary gland as a crucible for zoonotic influenza virus emergence: Receptor-mediated adaptation of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b.Archives of virology · 2026Review
- Restriction-modification systems are required forbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Revealing Reassortment in Influenza A Viruses with TreeSort.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Using homologous network to identify reassortment risk in H5Nx avian influenza viruses.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Evolution of Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses in Bhutan for Two Consecutive Years, 2022 and 2023.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Phylogeography and reassortment patterns of human influenza A viruses in sub-Saharan Africa.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Reassortments in single-stranded DNA multipartite viruses: Confronting expectations based on molecular constraints with field observations.Virus evolution · 2024Review
- Influenza A virus coinfection dynamics are shaped by distinct virus-virus interactions within and between cells.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Alternative antiviral approaches to combat influenza A virus.Virus genes · 2023Review
- Reovirus Efficiently Reassorts Genome Segments during Coinfection and Superinfection.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- Vaccination decreases the risk of influenza A virus reassortment but not genetic variation in pigs.eLife · 2022Article
- TreeKnit: Inferring ancestral reassortment graphs of influenza viruses.PLoS computational biology · 2022Article
- Genome-Wide Reassortment Analysis of Influenza A H7N9 Viruses Circulating in China during 2013-2019.Viruses · 2022Article
- Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Reassortment, which is the exchange of genome sequence between viruses co-infecting a host cell, plays an important role in the evolution of segmented viruses. In the human influenza virus, reassortment happens most frequently between co-existing variants within the same lineage. This process breaks genetic linkage and fitness correlations between viral genome segments, but the resulting net effect on viral fitness has remained unclear. In this paper, we determine rate and average selective effect of reassortment processes in the human influenza lineage A/H3N2. For the surface proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, reassortant variants with a mean distance of at least 3 nucleotides to their parent strains get established at a rate of about 10-2 in units of the neutral point mutation rate. Our inference is based on a new method to map reassortment events from joint genealogies of multiple genome segments, which is tested by extensive simulations. We show that intra-lineage reassortment processes are, on average, under substantial negative selection that increases in strength with increasing sequence distance between the parent strains. The deleterious effects of reassortment manifest themselves in two ways: there are fewer reassortment events than expected from a null model of neutral reassortment, and reassortant strains have fewer descendants than their non-reassortant counterparts. Our results suggest that influenza evolves under ubiquitous epistasis across proteins, which produces fitness barriers against reassortment even between co-circulating strains within one lineage.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.