ArticleAIDS (London, England)2018
Neuropsychological performance in African children with HIV enrolled in a multisite antiretroviral clinical trial.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 53 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is Neurodevelopmental Assessment in Early Childhood Predictive of Performance Assessed Later in Childhood and Adolescence in Sub-Saharan Africa? A Systematic Review of the Literature.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2024Pooled it
- Early neurodevelopment of HIV-exposed uninfected children in the era of antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2022Pooled it
- Growth, physical, and cognitive function in children who are born HIV-free: School-age follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial in rural Zimbabwe.PLoS medicine · 2024Trial
- The Value of a Motor Intervention for 3 to 6-Year-Old Children Infected with and Affected by HIV.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Cognitive outcomes at ages seven and nine years in South African children from the children with HIV early antiretroviral (CHER) trial: a longitudinal investigation.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Trial
- Growth, clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes at school age are similar for children who received 1-year lamivudine or lopinavir/ritonavir HIV prophylaxis in early life.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Effects of Music and Counseling Programs on Mental Health and Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence of Adolescents and Young Adults Living With HIV in Northern Thailand, a Randomized Trial.Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS CareTrial
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and HIV: implications for risk, outcomes, and care for neurodivergent people.Topics in antiviral medicine · 2026Review
- Evaluation of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in Adolescents with HIV Infection in Zimbabwe.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Adaptation and test-retest reliability of a mobile neurocognitive battery for assessing neurotoxicity in rural children in Bangladesh.Neurotoxicology · 2026Article
- Executive Function and Adherence in Children and Adolescents Living With HIV: Evidence From the HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in Zambia (HANDZ) Study.Journal of child neurology · 2026Article
- Lower working memory and processing speed among children and youth exposed to HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Central auditory testing in young Tanzanian children: feasibility and relationship to cognition.International journal of audiology · 2026Article
- Nutritional Status and Cognitive Function in Children With or Exposed to HIV: Evidence From the HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in Zambia Study.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Editorial: Cellular neuropathology of hearing loss.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Central auditory tests reveal deficits in HIV treatment.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Review
- Are Family Factors Differentially Associated with Externalizing Symptoms Among Youth with Perinatally Acquired HIV?Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- Associations between the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Tests of Variables of Attention (TOVA) in rural school-aged children in Benin Africa.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
20 authors at 12 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND
designChildren with HIV infection (HIV+) are at neuropsychological risk, but few studies have evaluated this at multiple sites in low-income and middle-income countries. We compared neuropsychological outcomes at enrollment (>5 years age) among HIV+, HIV perinatally exposed uninfected (HEU), and HIV unexposed uninfected (HUU) children from four sub-Saharan countries.
methodsIMPAACT P1060 compared nevirapine versus lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) in HIV-infected children 6-35 months of age. The present study (P1104s) enrolled P1060 children at 5-11 years of age and evaluated their neuropsychological performance over 2 years using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (KABC-II), Tests of Variables of Attention (TOVA), Bruininks-Oseretsky Test, 2nd edition (BOT-2), and parent-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Cohorts were compared using generalized estimating equations least-squares means adjusted for site, child age and sex, and personal and social characteristics for child and caregiver.
resultsSix hundred and eleven (246 HIV+, 183 HEU, 182 HUU) of the 615 enrolled at six sites [South Africa (three), Zimbabwe, Malawi, Uganda] were available for analysis. Mean age was 7.2 years, 48% male, 69% in school. Unadjusted and adjusted comparisons were consistent. HIV+ children performed significantly worse than HEU and HUU cohorts on all KABC-II cognitive performance domains and on BOT-2 total motor proficiency (P < 0.001), but not on the BRIEF Global Executive Indices. HUU and HEU cohorts were comparable on cognitive outcomes. HIV+ children initiated on ART before 1 year of age had significantly better BRIEF evaluations (lower scores - fewer behavior problems), compared with those started after (P = 0.03).
conclusionSignificant cognitive deficits were documented among HIV+ children at school age, even when started on ART at an early age. Earlier HIV treatment, neuropsychological monitoring, and rehabilitative interventions are all needed. Subsequent testing for 2 more years will help further evaluate how HIV infection and exposure affect the developmental trajectory.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.